Brian F. Moyer, Education Program Associate, Business and Community Vitality, Penn State University Extension
(Previously published online: PennState Extension – December 22, 2022)
Pricing 
meat for direct-to-consumer sales.
It doesn’t matter if you are selling halves, quarters, or single cuts, you need to know your cost of production first. What are your costs of raising that animal from day one until the day of slaughter? In any business endeavor, keeping good records is essential to knowing if you are going to be profitable or not. Once you know your cost of production, there are some tools you can use to help you determine what price you may want to attach to your fine, farm-fresh product.
Mike Debach of the Leona Meat Plant in Troy, Pennsylvania, has a nifty process you can use thatwill help you figure out your costs after processing so you can determine your retail price. For this example, understand that the cost of production will vary depending on the breed of the animal and production methods (i.e., grain-fed, grass-fed). According to Dr. John Comerford, retired Penn State faculty, the percentage used to determine the “carcass weight” varies depending on what kind of animal it is (beef, hog, lamb), what breed the animal is, and the method of production. So, for this example, let’s say we have a grass-fed, Angus steer that dresses out to a hanging carcass weight that is 58% of its live weight and your cost to get that animal to slaughter weight is $1.35 per pound of live weight.
Determining the cost of your animal
- Start with your per pound cost of the live animal (as mentioned before, your cost to raise that animal).
- Divide this amount by 58% to get your “hanging cost.” (That animal is now a “carcass” after it is slaughtered. This determines your new cost per pound at “carcass weight.”)
- Add in your processing fees, trucking, etc., to the “hanging cost.”
- Divide the total by 65% to get your “cut-out” cost (breaking the carcass down into individual cuts of meat).
- Divide your cut-out cost by the percentage mark-up you desire to reach the “retail value” price you will ultimately charge.
Example
- Cost of the live animal = $1.35 per pound
- $1.35 divided by 58% = $2.33
- $2.33 plus $0.65 (per pound processing fee) = $2.98
- $2.98 divided by 65% = $4.58
- This is the final cost of your animal becoming single cuts of meat $4.58 divided by 75% = $6.11
A sale price of $6.11 per pound would give you a 25% return on your product.
As you can see, in every step of the process there is a reduction to your final yield of finished product. So, your cost per pound will go up with every step from live animal to cut and packaged product. The above example will give you a rough estimate which can help you to remain profitable. Keep in mind, it is a “rough” estimate. A lot of variables can change these percentages. For example, how much fat was on the animal? What kind of cuts are you requesting? Are you getting bone-in or boneless cuts? If you want boneless cuts, this will reduce the total pounds of product returned to you from your butcher.
What kind of animal you are processing will also make a difference in the percentage of product you ultimately receive. Dr. Christopher Raines, former Animal Science professor, has a handy sheet that describes the average percentage of yield in the butchering process for pork, beef, and lamb.
Dr. Raines’ document says when converting an animal into a carcass, the average percentage of yield for pork is around 70%, beef 60%, and lamb 50%. Turning that carcass into individual cuts of meat; the average yield for bone-in cuts is 75-80% of carcass weight for pork, 65-70% for beef, and 70-75% for lamb. Dr. Raines points out that aging and further processing can decrease your final product weight. If your butcher is hanging (aging) the carcass for two weeks, there is moisture loss due to evaporation. If you are curing hams and bacons from your pig, applying a heat process to your meat cuts may also reduce your final yield.
Using these tools, you should be able to make a rough estimate on the amount of product you will have for sale, what your costs are, and what you will need to charge your customers to remain profitable.