By Danny Dotson, Mathematical Sciences Librarian & Science Education Specialist
If you read my previous blog entry, you know I have been pondering a bit lately about the topic of primary sources because I think there is too much emphasis on primary sources. Before anyone starts panicking, let me go into details.
The main reason is that I think the definition is not common across disciplines, yet libraries and librarians often apply a disciplinary definition on the concept to all disciplines. Many non-humanities disciplines would consider the journal literature to be their primary literature, but in reality do not really make use of terms like primary, secondary, or tertiary when describing or categorizing resources. So trying to apply a concept not even used in those disciplines will just create confusion. Sometimes librarians and libraries produce information about this concept as if it’s a standard definition that can and should be applied across all disciplines, which is not the case.
Second, “primary sources” found in libraries are very heavily slanted to certain disciplines. They are heavy on the humanities, medium on the social sciences, and light on the sciences. So trying to encourage the use of these types of items (or implying they are the gold standard) in certain disciplines will leave students of some disciplines with few choices.
A third reason is that the definitions often are applied to the format regardless of purpose or need. For example, a diary is usually considered primary. But what if the diary is used to garner information about a person other than the writer of the diary? That information is secondhand, so is the source being used as a primary source, or is it a secondary source given how it’s being used?
A fourth reason is that students in many courses likely will not use these types of sources. In many cases, books, journal articles, web pages, etc. are what the students will use and are what they need. It is not until students really begin digging deeper when they need what might be called primary sources. But in some disciplines, they may never need or use these types of sources.
A fifth reason is that the primary/secondary/tertiary terms implies value and that primary sources are “better.” Since journal articles are usually considered secondary, some disciplines are being told that their “gold standard” literature (peer reviewed journal articles) is inferior and that they should be using materials which will likely not meet their needs or don’t exist.
Given the above, when should primary sources come up? Only in discipline-appropriate courses when they are likely to be used. Bringing them up at other times is often meaningless for students’ needs or imposing one discipline’s definitions and values on another discipline. And distributing content across disciplines that pushes “primary sources” is doing just that.
So I’m not saying primary sources are bad. I’m saying the concept and term is murky when moving beyond specific disciplines and to act as if it’s a universal concept leads to confusion and problems. I think libraries and librarians should stick to these concepts only when it comes to the disciplines that recognize these concepts as part of their discipline. And I think that we shouldn’t be encouraging the use of these material types for courses/situations where they do not make sense.
I’ll leave with a question to ponder – is there something we can call “primary” materials and talk about them in a way that is more universal and accepted? Perhaps talk about these item types as unique, rare, special, etc. and why they’re important – but not in a manner that implies they’re “better” than other formats?
Archivists sometimes use the term primary sources to mean archival material. Depending on the archives, the material could be any subject and any discipline. The Society of American Archivists’ Dictionary of Archives Terminology will be online in October, expanding the current Glossary terms, including the term “primary source.” We are currently sending out a Word of the Week, and while primary source has not been a term, primary source literacy has (see: https://www2.archivists.org/word-of-the-week). The current Glossary is available at: https://www2.archivists.org/glossary
I agree that each field should use appropriate terms based on accepted definitions for what we can generally refer to as “primary sources” but the term can still be used and mean different things. Primary sources, such as correspondence, lab or field notes, artifacts taken from an archaeological dig, ancient texts, and institutional documents are essential for historical research and teaching, but the sources vary depending on the topic and time period under investigation. Using historical research methodologies, an historian’s research can overlap many other fields, such as archaeology, literature, business, science etc. and the researcher needs to understand what constitutes primary sources unique to those fields.
Responding to both Tamar and David:
Good points! These reinforce the variety of how the “primary” term is being used. Which to me reinforces that it’s not a good term to use broadly and across disciplines as if it has a common meaning (and I think it too often is).
I heartily agree with the overall idea here, that words can easily have multiple meanings when you start crossing disciplines. The point that primary sources found in libraries being light in the sciences though, had me wonder about broadening it to LAM (libraries, archives and museums). If we did that, the term could encompass scientific specimens found natural history museums and research facilities/repositories. I come from a geology background where its fundamental to understand that specimens and outcrops of rock, are where information about Earth’s past comes from (this is why geologists go do field work so often). The rocks were there to witness Earth’s history. To those who know how to ‘read’ them if you will, they can tell stories about what happened, how long ago did this happen, what the paleoenvironments and flora/fauna were, what the location on the planet was at the time (as Earth’s crust moves around due to plate tectonics). If this is interesting to you, I’d recommend an article in which the authors propose two fossil records – physical and abstracted. In the context of this post, the physical fossil would be the ‘primary source’, whereas the abstracted record, all the literature and extrapolations made about the actual fossil, would be secondary sources. Perhaps this just adds more to the complexity of the terms, but I wanted to share this scientific spin on it. {https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.2535(03)}
I’m actually right next door to a geology museum and we have some of their cool specimens in the library! Interestingly, we have had art classes in to draw some fossils. So are the drawings they made secondary? 😉
More good example resource types that make a “primary” definition so hard to nail down to fit across disciplines. And yes, share that article. Earth Sciences is one of my areas!
The article I was referencing, is titled “Bridging the Two Fossil Records” – full citation below. By their definitions the drawings would be secondary, yes, as it’s a work based off the original. I like that the fossils are being used for art class inspiration; that’s neat.
W. D. Allmon, G. P. Dietl, J. R. Hendricks, and R. M. Ross, “Bridging the two fossil records: Paleontology’s ‘big data’ future resides in museum collections,” in Museums at the Forefront of the History and Philosophy of Geology: History Made, History in the Making, 535th ed., R. M. Rosenberg, Gary D.; Clary, Ed. The Geological Society of America, 2018, pp. 35–44.