Questions
1. True or False: It is recommended that all men over the age of 50 have yearly PSA levels drawn for early detection of potential prostate cancer.
2. When in a family meeting for a patient who was just told that their prosatic tissue biopsy results revealed atypical neoplastic cells, the patient’s adult son asked if he should also be screened for prostate cancer. What would the most answer to his question be?
- A – Yes, get tested- because little is known about the development of cancer whenever there is a family member with metastasis, we recommend screening each of their children
- B – No, do not worry- it is unlikely that you will have a malignancy yet, prostate cancer is a disease of elderly men
- C- No, do not worry- be with your dad right now, he just got some bad news.
- D- Yes, get tested – because there has been shown to be a genetic link with prostate cancer, once you have had time to understand what we have talked about today. This is a screening that can be done with your primary care provider
3. True or False: Men with a history of a vasectomy have an increased risk for prostate cancer?
4. Which of the following can be considered a risk factor for prostate cancer?
- A- Abnormal levels of endocrines in the blood
- B- Recurrent/chronic urinary tract infections
- C- Presence of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia
- D- Alcoholism
5. Prostate Cancer is most often classified as:
- A- Lymphoma
- B- Melanoma
- C- Adenocarcinoma
- D- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Answers
1 . FALSE
REASONING: According to the American Cancer Society, if on the initial screening for prostate cancer is conducted and no cancer is found, the time recommended for the next screening is variable. Men who choose to be tested who have a PSA of less than 2.5 ng/mL may only need to be retested every 2 years, while screening should be done yearly when PSA level is 2.5 ng/mL or higher.
2. D
REASONING: This was the only response that was both factual and acknowledged the emotional burden of the son during the family meeting. Genetic studies suggest a strong familial predisposition to prostate cancer. BRCA2 germline mutations have a 20-fold increase in risk for prostate cancers. Hypermethylation of the glutathione S-transferase gene is the most common epigenetic alteration and helps protect against carcinogen damage (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2019).
3. FALSE
REASONING: According to Bhindi, Wallis, & Nayan, there is clinically insignificant increased risk between having the vasectomy procedure done and developing prostate cancer (Bhindi, 2017).
4. C
REASONING: A – Incorrect, abnormal endocrine levels are indicative of benign prostatic hyperplasia and do not lead to a diagnosis of prostate cancer.B – Incorrect, although frequent UTIs can cause damage to the cells in the prostate, the presence of bacteria does not suggest cancer will form.C – Correct! The presence of PIN has been noted in prostates that will eventually be diagnoses with cancer.D – Incorrect, alcoholism is not related to prostate cancer.
5. C
REASONING: The prostate is a gland, and most cells of the prostate are a glandular type cell. Adeno means gland, so the correct answer, is C, adenocarcinoma.