Adler, D.H. & Ellis, A.R. (2017). Atrial septal defect. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-overview#a7
American Heart Association. (2017). Patent foramen ovale (PFO). Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/patent-foramen-ovale-pfo
American Stroke Association. (2019). Understanding, treatment, and diagnosing of cryptogenic stroke. Retrieved from https://www.stroke.org/-/media/stroke-files/cryptogenic-professional-resource-files/crytopgenic-professional-guide-ucm-477051.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.
Arquizan, C., Coste, J., Touboul, P-J. & Mas, J-L. (2001). Is patent foramen ovale a family trait?.Stroke, 32, 1563-1566. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.7.1563
Atrial septal defect [Computer rendering]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/atrial-septal-defect-asd
Baffa, J.M. (2018). Atrial septal defect (ASD). Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrial-septal-defect-asd#v1096153
Caplan, L. (2018). Etiology, classification, and epidemiology of stroke. In J.F. Dashe (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved October 24, 2019 from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-classification-and-epidemiology-of-stroke
Echocardiogram [Computer rendering]. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.amitahealth.org/services/heart-and-vascular-institute/diagnostic-testing/echocardiogram
Illustration of fetal blood flow or circulation [Digital rendering]. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02362
Kim, B.K., Kim, N., Kang, D., Kim, J.S., & Kwon, S.U. (2014). Provoked right-to-left shunt in patent foramen ovale associates with ischemic stroke in posterior circulation. Stroke, 45(12), 3707-3710. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007453
Koopsen, R., Stella, P. R., Thijs, K. M., & Rienks, R. (2018). Persistent foramen ovale closure in divers with a history of decompression sickness. Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, 26(11), 535–539. doi:10.1007/s12471-018-1153-x
Mayo Clinic. (2018, March 8). Patent foramen ovale. Retrieved October 19, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353491.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children. (9th ed). V. L. Brashers & N.S. Rote (Eds). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier
Rayhill, M., & Burch, R. (2017). PFO and migraine: Is there a role for closure?. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 17(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0730-5
Schwedt, T.J. (n.d.) Patent foramen ovale and migraine [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://americanheadachesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Todd_Schwedt_-_Patent_Formen_Ovale_and_Migraine.pdf
Stanford Children’s Health. (2019). Atrial septal defect (ASD) in children. Retrieved from https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=atrial-septal-defect-asd-90-P01766
Stroke types [Computer rendering]. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm
Understanding migraine with aura [Digital rendering]. (2017). Retrieved from https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/understanding-migraine-aura/
Whisenant, B. & Reisman, M. (2017). PFO and migraine: The blind leading the blinded. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(17). Retrieved from http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/70/22/2775.full.pdf