After Rwanda: Memory and Reconciliation in Rwanda
Mershon Center for International Security Studies
Campus Event Reflection
9 April 2021, 12:00pm-1:30pm, Zoom Meeting
I attended this event as part of the 27th Commemoration of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide against the Tutsi. Dr. Nicole Fox, a professor at California State University, Sacramento in the Criminal Justice Division presented her research on how memorialization can both heal and wound, especially when they fail to represent all genders, ethnicities, and classes of those afflicted.
She told the story of an interview she conducted with a woman, to whom she gave the pseudonym Isabelle, who was a victim and survivor of the Rwandan genocide. Upon hearing Isabelle’s heart-rending experience, Fox inquired why Isabelle was not sharing it at a commemoration event that was to take place across the street from her house. Isabelle dismissed the idea immediately, rationalizing that no one would want to hear her story. “It would be too traumatizing,” she said.
I found it fascinating how Isabelle, who the commemoration ceremony was supposedly intended to support, was paradoxically silenced by the unwillingness of those in power to recognize her narrative. Fox described her interviewees description of the experience of a psychological process called “traumatizing,” which consists of intense flashbacks to the violence of 1994. Believed to be contagious, this phenomenon is used as justification for excluding stories like Isabelle’s, for fear that it would make the painful past too real. Fox terms this concept “the stratification of collective memory,” and described its impact on the structuring of commemorations, which in reality is very gendered and classed.
I immediately connected with the story because I have just finished reading a diary written during the 1945 Soviet occupation of Germany called A Woman Berlin, which tales the widespread sexual violence that took place. In the aftermath of these atrocities, the rape victims were silenced and socially ostracized by the German public, considered to be “rubble women and trash.”
The resonance between these two moments in history reveals important truths about the narration and social construction of the past, and the ways that they can shape broader societal dynamics. Collective memory must be actively mobilized in order to survive; Fox’s research advocates for the amplification of the voices of the rarely heard victims of violence– the vulnerable.