Jet Fuel

Introduction: What is Jet Fuel?

Jet fuels are a type of propellant that move objects or give thrust and fuel vehicles (Jet Fuels CDC).  It consists of aromatic hydrocarbons in kerosene like mixtures.  There are subtypes of jet fuel; Jet A is used for commercial purpose whereas JP 8 and JP 8+100 are used in the military (Casarett & Doull).

 

Toxicokinetics

All three subtypes mentioned have similar toxicity profiles.  Main portal of entry include the GI tract, lungs, and skin.  Damage to the skin may increase with prolonged exposure.  Studies in animals show adverse effects on the liver, decreased immune response, impaired neurological function, issues hearing, and dermatitis.

Source: Jet Fuel CDC

Toxicity studies in rodents indicate that the liver, kidneys, and testes are not sensitive targets of jet fuels in humans (Casarett & Doull).

Carcinogenecity

There is no evidence of jet fuels causing cancer in humans.  It is classified as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.

Source: Jet Fuel CDC

Mechanisms of Action

• There have been preclinical studies to determine the mechanism of action in different parts of the body.
  • In the pulmonary system, JP-8 can decrease the concentration of tachykinin substance P (SP), leading to an increase in pulmonary resistance and alveolar permeability.
  • Several biological changes, such as an increase in reactive oxygen species,  may result in apoptosis of lung cells.
  • Release of proinflammatory cytokines may cause sustained immune function

• Immune system
  • Jet fuel can cause cell subpopulations, including B cells, T cells, and macrophages, to decrease
  • Dermal application may suppress delayed hypersensitivity reactions
• Dermal Effects
  • Jet fuels cause DNA damage, cytokine release, and ROS production which can lead to irritation
  • Cell death is due to necrosis

Source: Casarett & Doull

Target Organs

Jet fuel can distribute throughout the body.  Chemical components have been found in brain, lungs, liver, fat, and blood.

Source: Jet Fuel CDC

Signs and Symptoms of Toxicity

In humans, there can be acute and chronic signs

• Acute:
  • headache
  • nausea
  • CNS depression

• Chronic
  • fatigue
  • anxiety
  • dyspnea/tachypnea

Source: Jet Fuel Toxicity

Genetic Susceptibility

N/A

Treatment

• Acute: no specific treatment.  Remove persons from contaminated environment, wash exposed skin with soap and shampoo.
  • Eyes exposed: wash with saline/water
• Chronic:
  • no specific treatment

Source: Jet Fuel Toxicity

Biomarkers

• Direct Biological Indicators
  • No direct method for determining exposure
• Indirect:
  • chest or x ray exam to assess oxygenation can be useful in those with respiratory tract irritation
  • bilirubin or alakaline phosphatase assessment in cases of CNS depression

Source: Jet Fuel Toxicity