Author: phanthavong.5

Text Review: Pinocchio

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Pinnochio is a Korean TV series (2014-2015) about the lives of two lovers who are affected by a news reporter. Gi Ha-Myung’s father, who was a firefighter, passed away from attempting a rescue mission. But he is accused of being the cause of the accident and fleeing the scene, leaving many others for dead. This resulted in having the public discriminate and treat his family with contempt, this was the citizen’s way of getting “justice.” One compassionless news reporter named Song Cha-ok made their lives very hard, and ultimately bringing Ha-Myung’s mother to commit suicide. This heavily impacted Ha-Myung’s older brother, who has a hatred for news reporters and the media for not only slandering and discrediting his late father but also bringing their mother to end her life. This news reporter is the mother of his lover, Choi In-ha, who admires her mother and wants to become a respectable news reporter just like her.

I was reminded of injustice because for many years people always sided with the news reporters because they are known for being credible and take pride in the news they report. In this drama, people strongly believe that the news channels are the most credible sources, with 100% truth and accuracy to the reports that they make. They carry the power to influence what the citizens think and feel. A lot of people made the family feel outcast which affected the two brothers’ identities. Ha-Myung later changed his name and lived with a different family after surviving the fall from the cliff that his mother jumped off of. And his older brother carried hatred and lived his life with revenge constantly in his mind, which was incredibly draining and unhealthy for him.

What the brothers went through from childhood carried into how they lived as adults. Their late father was seen as a cowardly criminal on the run, belittling him as a person and man of virtue who lived his life selflessly. This unjustified hatred that the public had for his whole family. The stories of the two brothers also reminded me of the discussion that we had about subalterns. They and their mother weren’t heard in the past. But Gi Ma-Hyung had to become a person that had the authority that made people listen to him, he became a reporter. Subalterns speak but they aren’t heard. They have to become something, someone different in order to tell their story and have it be deemed valid.

The writers, directors, and actors did a great job telling a story of how the media can take a toll on a person(s) life. Not everything that we hear is true.  Justice in the eyes of another could be seen as injustice for another. And that the people in power, who have authority are not always the most morally correct and we should not be easily influenced by one source. It encourages us to research and seek the truth before jumping to conclusions.

“Yo, Is This…?” Column

by

There Will Never Be An End to Racism

The Founders Were Oppressors

There has never been a point in time in this nation where at least one group of people have not faced some form of discrimination. “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” was a rhyme that most of us grew up knowing. Throughout my childhood years, we celebrated Christopher Columbus’s arrival to America. For many years I thought that Christopher Columbus was a man worthy of being honored until I was informed about the horrendous demands and the harsh treatment that he inflicted on the aboriginals. From forced labor to genocide, Columbus and his men did it all. We were even  taught the term “Native American” was appropriate to call the aboriginals, but in reality, they were the true “Americans.” I mention Christopher Columbus to remind people that from the point that America was discovered up until now, man has always despised one another. 

Slavery

Throughout the world, slavery has existed for many years. “The history of slavery is a large and untellable story, full of tragedy and cruelty that spans both centuries and continents. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the exact year that slavery began, historians can trace the roots of this inhumane practice back roughly 11,000 years” (restavekfreedom.org). There are many different forms of slavery: sex trafficking, forced labor, bonded labor (also known as debt bondage), domestic servitude, and unlawful recruitment of soldiers (borgenproject.org). The most saddening fact about slavery is that children at times are involved. Although each testimony of each slave around the world may vary, the characteristics and mindset of their oppressors are constant. Their hunger to be in control, and to have power over someone is consistent with the term oppressor.

The Significance of History Itself

I’ve always heard that it was important to learn about history. Whenever a sad or gruesome part of history was being taught in class, it was common for the teacher to say things along the lines of, “it’s important to learn about uncomfortable topics like this so that history does not repeat itself.” But are we truly taking that saying to heart? What are the steps being taken to prevent history from repeating itself in all forms? Not just the physical aspect of slavery, like torture but the repercussions that affect the mind.

______ Still Exists

Thankfully slavery (unwilling servitude, forced labor)  in the United States was abolished due to the 13th amendment being passed. But there is no denying that racism is still prevalent and that the hatred for one another because of one’s skin color is still common.  Just because slavery was abolished does not mean that everyone is treated fairly. There has been a great change if we are just comparing slavery to the times that we are in now,  but there is still more work to be done.

Recent Incidents

From Diary of Systemic Injustice: 

[Towards the end of May in 2020, the whole nation heard of the murder of George Floyd. A lot of news regarding police brutality typically involves Black/African Americans, every single case that has been brought to light left me and many others outraged. Terrill Thomas was a Black man who was arrested for firing a gun inside of a casino with no one harmed. He later died of dehydration after the water in his cell was shut off for seven days. According to the NPR article, “They forced him to spend the last week of his life locked in an isolation cell 24 hours a day, with no drinking water, no edible food, no working toilet, no mattress, no blanket, no shower access, no means of cleaning his cell, no ability to communicate with his family, no relief from constant lockdown, and no meaningful access to urgently needed medical or mental health care.” His treatment was compared to Jacob Chansley, a White man who was accused of participating in the rioting in the U.S. Capitol. “A judge ordered corrections authorities to provide organic food to an Arizona man—- The order came after a lawyer for defendant Jacob Chansley complained that his client had gone the past nine days without eating because organic food isn’t served at the Washington jail where he’s housed,” Chansley said that because of his religious practice he demanded organic food, which was later granted to him. I understand that as a citizen he has the right to exercise any religion. But when it comes to Black people or other minorities, I thought that prisoners had their rights taken away. Hearing his story saddened me tremendously because Terrill Thomas was treated so inhumane, while Chansley had his bourgeoisie commands fulfilled. Not only did Thomas have his rights taken away but the necessities to live, like water. Without doing too much research, I immediately thought that this was the perfect example of White privilege. That specific riot that took place at the U.S capitol also sparked a lot of debate regarding injustice and bias. Because a lot of people, including myself, believe that if Black people did the same thing, there would’ve been casualties. In correlation to what I mentioned last week, even if there was an appropriate charge for a White person, there is still injustice behind the scenes. Instances like these make it reasonable to feel/think that people think that the lives of Black people are insignificant. I would also like to add that it is unfair for all white policemen to be labeled as “racist” and for all  black men to be labeled as “thugs.” It sort of feels like a cycle: hatred(racism) from one group, produces fear from the other group, resulting in violence and sometimes death. The people who are meant to protect and serve the community are the ones that we fear the most. There have been too many deaths that were unreasonable and unjustified. I believe that this would be considered systemic injustice because a lot of white men (including policemen) believe that because they are favored in society they have this sense of pride. When the judicial system fails to discipline them, they have more reasons to not fear doing anything wrong because they won’t be labeled as “in the wrong” in the sight of the decision-makers.] Due to COVID-19, there has also been a significant increase in the number of hate crimes towards the Asian American community. [In the times that we are living in, it seems like it is gradually becoming worse and people are bold about expressing their racist/prejudiced way of thinking. Systemic is defined as something that is fixed, and structured. This system isn’t gonna change if people in authority are on the same side of the oppressors or even sometimes are the oppressors.] Cases like these are just a few examples of why minorities still feel as if this country cannot be considered home for them. Back then for the enslaved,  the reason was that they were not given human rights/ freedom in “the land of the free.” But today, racism is one of the major reasons. There is still a form of favoritism for White people and this gives them a sense of superiority. Viewing people as subalterns even in the slightest/nonchalant way is a form of superiority complex. It is only inevitable for people who are not White to feel inferior. Sometimes a majority of people are quick to blame white people for all the evil doings and unfair treatment in this nation, but I think it’s more of a lack of understanding and empathy.



Why Will There Never Be An End?


America is known to have years of history recorded where White men have always had the upper hand and authority to demean people that did not look like them. Today, slavery doesn’t necessarily exist anymore (due to the 13th amendment). White men aren’t necessarily threatening people with guns or weapons, and Black people and other minorities are not enslaved by them. But there is a form of slavery that still exists, and that is the oppression of the mind and also the spirit behind every evil doing against another human being. Whether that may be an implicit bias way of thinking towards another race or physically expressing their hate, it’s still racism.







Looking at this image, I’m reminded of a Bible verse  about the matter of the heart:


“But the things that come out of the mouth come from the heart, and these things defile a man. For out of the heart come evil thoughts. . .” Matthew 15:18-19


For racism to end, every single individual walking on earth needs to have their mind renewed on race and how we view one another. Whether we like to admit it or not, most if not all of us have some form of implicit bias. This doesn’t necessarily mean that we are racist and that we choose to be racist, it just shows how much race has been ingrained in our minds for a very long time. The people who are “superior,”  and know that they have an upper hand in life,  but ignore this unfair treatment is the reason why racism still exists.


This image can also have many different meanings, depending on who is observing. Here is how I interpreted it and how it correlates to racism:


    

  • The root of this nation (the foundation) has always been corrupt. From the “beginning” when Columbus discovered and inform Europeans about America, he belittled the aboriginals and treated them inhumanely.
    • 

  • The reason why this nation has not removed itself from the same foundation as its founders is that the heart of individuals today have a similar way of viewing themselves: greedy, superior, powerful, and in control. The heart can be very wicked. The root of the problem (racism) is the contaminated hearts in this nation. Years and years of continuous hatred for one another have only made the roots of the tree grow larger and deeper, making it harder and harder to deracinate. 
    • 

  • The roots represent the hatred for one another that grows day by day, with recent news of police brutality, hate crimes based on race, more and more people are being turned against each other–being fueled with anger.
    • 



If the roots continue to go downward, there will never be an end to racism.






References


https://restavekfreedom.org/2018/09/11/the-history-of-slavery/


https://borgenproject.org/types-of-slavery/ 


https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/728023455/-6-75-million-settlement-paid-to-family-of-milwaukee-inmate-who-died-from-dehydr 




https://abc7.com/qanon-shaman-jacob-chansley-riot-capitol-siege/10313166/ 




Image 1: https://creativemarket.com/Alltruecolours/5360302-Sketch-vector-Handcuffs-on-the-hands 




Image 2: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/350084571026639308/ 

			

	
	



			
				


	

		
“Yo, Is This…?” Column: There Will Never Be An End


				

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There Will Never Be An End to Racism


The Founders Were Oppressors


There has never been a point in time in this nation where at least one group of people have not faced some form of discrimination. “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue” was a rhyme that most of us grew up knowing. Throughout my childhood years, we celebrated Christopher Columbus’s arrival to America. For many years I thought that Christopher Columbus was a man worthy of being honored until I was informed about the horrendous demands and the harsh treatment that he inflicted on the aboriginals. From forced labor to genocide, Columbus and his men did it all. We were even  taught the term “Native American” was appropriate to call the aboriginals, but in reality, they were the true “Americans.” I mention Christopher Columbus to remind people that from the point that America was discovered up until now, man has always despised one another. 


Slavery




Throughout the world, slavery has existed for many years. “The history of slavery is a large and untellable story, full of tragedy and cruelty that spans both centuries and continents. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the exact year that slavery began, historians can trace the roots of this inhumane practice back roughly 11,000 years” (restavekfreedom.org). There are many different forms of slavery: sex trafficking, forced labor, bonded labor (also known as debt bondage), domestic servitude, and unlawful recruitment of soldiers (borgenproject.org). The most saddening fact about slavery is that children at times are involved. Although each testimony of each slave around the world may vary, the characteristics and mindset of their oppressors are constant. Their hunger to be in control, and to have power over someone is consistent with the term oppressor.


The Significance of History Itself


I’ve always heard that it was important to learn about history. Whenever a sad or gruesome part of history was being taught in class, it was common for the teacher to say things along the lines of, “it’s important to learn about uncomfortable topics like this so that history does not repeat itself.” But are we truly taking that saying to heart? What are the steps being taken to prevent history from repeating itself in all forms? Not just the physical aspect of slavery, like torture but the repercussions that affect the mind.


______ Still Exists


Thankfully slavery (unwilling servitude, forced labor)  in the United States was abolished due to the 13th amendment being passed. But there is no denying that racism is still prevalent and that the hatred for one another because of one’s skin color is still common.  Just because slavery was abolished does not mean that everyone is treated fairly. There has been a great change if we are just comparing slavery to the times that we are in now,  but there is still more work to be done.


Recent Incidents


From Diary of Systemic Injustice: 


[Towards the end of May in 2020, the whole nation heard of the murder of George Floyd. A lot of news regarding police brutality typically involves Black/African Americans, every single case that has been brought to light left me and many others outraged. Terrill Thomas was a Black man who was arrested for firing a gun inside of a casino with no one harmed. He later died of dehydration after the water in his cell was shut off for seven days. According to the NPR article, “They forced him to spend the last week of his life locked in an isolation cell 24 hours a day, with no drinking water, no edible food, no working toilet, no mattress, no blanket, no shower access, no means of cleaning his cell, no ability to communicate with his family, no relief from constant lockdown, and no meaningful access to urgently needed medical or mental health care.” His treatment was compared to Jacob Chansley, a White man who was accused of participating in the rioting in the U.S. Capitol. “A judge ordered corrections authorities to provide organic food to an Arizona man—- The order came after a lawyer for defendant Jacob Chansley complained that his client had gone the past nine days without eating because organic food isn’t served at the Washington jail where he’s housed,” Chansley said that because of his religious practice he demanded organic food, which was later granted to him. I understand that as a citizen he has the right to exercise any religion. But when it comes to Black people or other minorities, I thought that prisoners had their rights taken away. Hearing his story saddened me tremendously because Terrill Thomas was treated so inhumane, while Chansley had his bourgeoisie commands fulfilled. Not only did Thomas have his rights taken away but the necessities to live, like water. Without doing too much research, I immediately thought that this was the perfect example of White privilege. That specific riot that took place at the U.S capitol also sparked a lot of debate regarding injustice and bias. Because a lot of people, including myself, believe that if Black people did the same thing, there would’ve been casualties. In correlation to what I mentioned last week, even if there was an appropriate charge for a White person, there is still injustice behind the scenes. Instances like these make it reasonable to feel/think that people think that the lives of Black people are insignificant. I would also like to add that it is unfair for all white policemen to be labeled as “racist” and for all  black men to be labeled as “thugs.” It sort of feels like a cycle: hatred(racism) from one group, produces fear from the other group, resulting in violence and sometimes death. The people who are meant to protect and serve the community are the ones that we fear the most. There have been too many deaths that were unreasonable and unjustified. I believe that this would be considered systemic injustice because a lot of white men (including policemen) believe that because they are favored in society they have this sense of pride. When the judicial system fails to discipline them, they have more reasons to not fear doing anything wrong because they won’t be labeled as “in the wrong” in the sight of the decision-makers.] Due to COVID-19, there has also been a significant increase in the number of hate crimes towards the Asian American community. [In the times that we are living in, it seems like it is gradually becoming worse and people are bold about expressing their racist/prejudiced way of thinking. Systemic is defined as something that is fixed, and structured. This system isn’t gonna change if people in authority are on the same side of the oppressors or even sometimes are the oppressors.] Cases like these are just a few examples of why minorities still feel as if this country cannot be considered home for them. Back then for the enslaved,  the reason was that they were not given human rights/ freedom in “the land of the free.” But today, racism is one of the major reasons. There is still a form of favoritism for White people and this gives them a sense of superiority. Viewing people as subalterns even in the slightest/nonchalant way is a form of superiority complex. It is only inevitable for people who are not White to feel inferior. Sometimes a majority of people are quick to blame white people for all the evil doings and unfair treatment in this nation, but I think it’s more of a lack of understanding and empathy.


Why Will There Never Be An End?


America is known to have years of history recorded where White men have always had the upper hand and authority to demean people that did not look like them. Today, slavery doesn’t necessarily exist anymore (due to the 13th amendment). White men aren’t necessarily threatening people with guns or weapons, and Black people and other minorities are not enslaved by them. But there is a form of slavery that still exists, and that is the oppression of the mind and also the spirit behind every evil doing against another human being. Whether that may be an implicit bias way of thinking towards another race or physically expressing their hate, it’s still racism.




Looking at this image, I’m reminded of a Bible verse  about the matter of the heart:


“But the things that come out of the mouth come from the heart, and these things defile a man. For out of the heart come evil thoughts. . .” Matthew 15:18-19


For racism to end, every single individual walking on earth needs to have their mind renewed on race and how we view one another. Whether we like to admit it or not, most if not all of us have some form of implicit bias. This doesn’t necessarily mean that we are racist and that we choose to be racist, it just shows how much race has been ingrained in our minds for a very long time. The people who are “superior,”  and know that they have an upper hand in life,  but ignore this unfair treatment is the reason why racism still exists.


This image can also have many different meanings, depending on who is observing. Here is how I interpreted it and how it correlates to racism:


    

  • The root of this nation (the foundation) has always been corrupt. From the “beginning” when Columbus discovered and inform Europeans about America, he belittled the aboriginals and treated them inhumanely.
    • 

  • The reason why this nation has not removed itself from the same foundation as its founders is that the heart of individuals today have a similar way of viewing themselves: greedy, superior, powerful, and in control. The heart can be very wicked. The root of the problem (racism) is the contaminated hearts in this nation. Years and years of continuous hatred for one another have only made the roots of the tree grow larger and deeper, making it harder and harder to deracinate. 
    • 

  • The roots represent the hatred for one another that grows day by day, with recent news of police brutality, hate crimes based on race, more and more people are being turned against each other–being fueled with anger.
    • 



If the roots continue to go downward, there will never be an end to racism.


 


References


https://restavekfreedom.org/2018/09/11/the-history-of-slavery/


https://borgenproject.org/types-of-slavery/ 


https://www.npr.org/2019/05/29/728023455/-6-75-million-settlement-paid-to-family-of-milwaukee-inmate-who-died-from-dehydr 


https://abc7.com/qanon-shaman-jacob-chansley-riot-capitol-siege/10313166/ 


Image 1: https://creativemarket.com/Alltruecolours/5360302-Sketch-vector-Handcuffs-on-the-hands 


Image 2: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/350084571026639308/ 

			

	
	



			
				


	

		
Diary of Systemic Injustices Showcase – Hate Crimes: Subaltern & Implicit Bias


				

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Asian woman sends attacker to hospital in unprovoked attack


Recently there has been a lot of news coverage on assaults and even murders of Asian people in America. For this diary entry, I wanted to mention a few cases that I came across that were considered hate crimes. The first news that I heard about was about a Thai man who died after an attack in San Fransisco. “Mr. Vicha, an 84-year-old retired auditor from Thailand, was violently slammed to the ground by a man who charged into him at full speed” (Fuller). Another incident that I came across on Instagram was also in San Francisco, which involved an elderly woman, an elderly man, and a white man who appears to be in his 30s. Both of the Asian elderlies were struck in the face causing an injury to one of their necks, and wounds on their eye and cheeks. The most recent case is about a mass shooting in Atlanta’s Asian massage parlors that killed 8 people, 6 were Asian women. Systemic injustice and racism go hand in hand. These hate crimes are just two examples of racists people being fueled and acting on ignorance and anger. “‘Like African Americans and American Indians, Asian Americans were considered racially inferior and unfit for U.S. citizenship for most of our country’s history,’ and the pandemic capitalized on that history, Lee said. ‘As the virus has spread across the country, so has anti-Asian racism,’ Lee said, partly because ‘some members of the media and some of our highest elected officials have deliberately and consistently used racist language tying Covid-19 to Asians. This has included phrases like the ‘Chinese virus’ and ‘Wuhan virus’ and telling Americans to ‘blame China’ for the pandemic.’” (Gregorian, 2021) To some, this may not view this as systemic but I think that the reactions from some people show how it is. A law enforcement officer said that Robert Long’s decision to kill 8 people strangely was because he had a “really bad day,” and he cannot yet say if spa shootings were hate crimes. It was later discovered that this specific officer purchased and publicly praised a shirt saying, “COVID-19 imported from chy-na.” There are people in the justice system that empathize more with suspects than the victims. This system isn’t gonna change if people in authority are on the same side of the oppressors or even sometimes are the oppressors.


In our discussions from week 5, we talked about implicit bias and subalterns. “Implicit bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner” (Kirwan Institute).  Implicit bias has to do with the actions behind systemic injustices because systemic is defined as something that is fixed, and structured. In order for someone to commit a hate crime, they would already have to have an understanding about a certain group, that caused them to act out. The term subaltern refers to those who are lacking in the eyes of the beholder, whether that may be socioeconomic, race, and etc. In the times that we are living in, it seems like it is gradually becoming worse and people are bold about expressing their racist/prejudiced way of thinking. So much so that, having the saying “go back to your own country” became a common thing to say for people who aren’t white in appearance.


Gregorian, D. (2021, March 18). ‘There is a systemic problem HERE’: Asian American LAWMAKERS testify about surge in violence. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/there-systemic-problem-here-asian-american-lawmakers-testify-about-surge-n1261436


Fuller, T. (2021, February 27). He came from Thailand to care for Family. then came a brutal attack. Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/us/asian-american-hate-crimes.html


(Video) https://cbsloc.al/3rZFIIJ 

			

	
	



			
				


	

		
Context Presentation Week 7: History and Correlation


				

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The graphic novel Persepolis is written by a French-Iranian author named Marjane Satrapi. Throughout this week’s reading, the audience had the opportunity to read about what life was like for a young Iranian woman and the people around her during the Islamic Revolution.


The Islamic Revolution


Before correlating other topics that we’ve discussed so far in this semester I thought that it would be important to know a little bit more information about what happened during the Islamic Revolution that changed the lives of many people. From 1941 to 1979, Iran was ruled by King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah whose dictatorship restricted political freedoms (Bender, 2020). “But he also he pushed the country to adopt Western-oriented secular modernization, allowing some degree of cultural freedom. Under the Shah’s rule, Iran’s economy and educational opportunities expanded.” (Bender 2020)


Afray (2021) stated:


Years later, Mohammad Reza Shah dismissed the parliament and launched the White Revolution—an aggressive modernization program that upended the wealth and influence of landowners and clerics, disrupted rural economies, led to rapid urbanization and Westernization, and prompted concerns over democracy and human rights. The program was economically successful, but the benefits were not distributed evenly, though the transformative effects on social norms and institutions were widely felt.


“The Islamic Revolution in 1979 was when Iran’s monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and replaced with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini who led the revolution. During this time there were many strikes, protests, and violence in Iran and it was very hard on citizens including Satrapi. . . .many children felt lost and confused because of the division of beliefs between families. Some were supportive of the new government and some were still loyal to the Shah.” (“History of Persepolis,” 2011)


 


Correlation/Examples


As I was reading I noticed a few examples of different groups of people that would be labeled as a subaltern. In the past discussion post, I defined a subaltern as a person who is considered “lacking” in the eyes of the beholder. The first subaltern that I noticed was Mehri the maid, who liked a man in the neighborhood. On page 37 Marji’s father told her that their love is impossible in this country because of social class. Another example that displayed the poorer people as lacking was on page 102 it was assumed that younger children from poor families were recruited into the army promised a better life, but most if not all of them lost their lives. “After the change in government during the revolution, there were still many troops loyal to the Shah. These troops began to try and recruit young men to join their regime.  This was difficult on families especially the mothers because they knew that the loyal Shah troops were risking the lives of these boys by promising them a wonderful afterlife.” (“History of Persepolis,” 2011) Satrapi explains how at this time of the Islamic Revolution there were many emotional and social obstacles for families. Women had many restrictions that belittled them as citizens. The leaders of Iran and most of the men believed women were second to them and disrespected them in many ways (“History of Persepolis,” 2011).  On page 74 Marji’s mother had a disturbing encounter with a man who scarred her saying things along the lines of “if women did not wear veils they deserved to be r*ped.” Some women were threatened and even beaten if they were seen without wearing a veil, or if their attire did not meet a certain standard.


 


References:


Afary, J. (2021, January 20). Iranian Revolution. Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution


Bender, J. (2020, January 08). 25 photos show what Iran looked like before the 1979 Revolution turned the nation into an Islamic republic. Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-before-the-revolution-in-photos-2015-4


History of Persepolis and The Islamic revolution. (2011, June 06). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://satrapism.wordpress.com/history-of-persepolis/