The text I chose to review is both a movie and a novel. Most are probably familiar with the Theodore Melfi directed film, Hidden Figures, starring Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer, and Jenelle Monáe available on Netflix. However, some audience members might be surprised to find out this film is based on a true story written by Margot Lee Shetterly, an American non-fiction novelist and civil rights activist. In this review, I’ll focus more on the film aspect of the story, which most major movie reviewers agree accurately depicts at least 74% of events described in the novel (Information is Beautiful, n.d.). As with most films, a few scenes from the book had to be cut for the sake of time and some characters were modified to make the script’s message clearer.
This film is a stark reminder of the social injustice African American women have faced throughout history. In the 1960s, space exploration became a race between the United States and Russia. Top engineers, chemists, and astrophysicists across America were hired by NASA to build the space shuttle that eventually flew Neil Armstrong and his crew to the moon. Behind the scenes of this historic moment were a group of female African American mathematicians who are credited with uncovering a potentially fatal error made by the computers designated to calculate Apollo 11’s landing coordinates following its reentry into Earth’s atmosphere. Despite being vastly underestimated and discriminated against by white co-workers, the women performed exceptionally well earning them executive positions at NASA, but more importantly, exposing racial injustices in the workplace.
Othering and racism are two themes we have discussed throughout the semester. This movie does an excellent job of demonstrating both through various examples reflected by the individual story of each character. I was shocked to learn that black employees were forced to work outside of NASA’s headquarters in their own separate building. At one point in the film Katherine Johnson, played by Taraji P. Henson is asked by a supervisor why she takes such long bathroom breaks. Embarrassed, Johnson points out that the nearest “colored” bathrooms are a half-mile away from her desk. Computer labs and the research center libraries were divided into a West wing for whites and an East wing for blacks. White employees had better computers, up to date information, and resources that would have been critical for mission planning. Lack of access made it incredibly challenging for Johnson, Vaughan, and Jackson to keep up with their co-workers. Despite all odds, the women taught themselves several highly advanced skills to include computer coding and rocketry.
I believe society has come a long way since the 1960s because of people like the Hidden Figures. Their life experience exposed the dangers of othering and pervasiveness of racism. The creators of this film clearly wanted to demonstrate the power of human potential and what can be accomplished when we choose to work together. As we have learned from Spivak, everyone deserves a voice weather it be an oppressed people in a country thousands of miles away or an individual co-worker we interact with daily. For anyone looking for an inspiring story that can lead to a conversation about identity, injustice, and race this is definitely worth your time. Given our enhanced understanding of these concepts, I think you will find the film fulfilling as well as educational.
Works Cited
Agar, J. (2017, February 14). Hidden Figures takes us back to a time when computers were people, women, and black. Retrieved from The Conversation : https://theconversation.com/hidden-figures-takes-us-back-to-a-time-when-computers-were-people-women-and-black-72303
Information is Beautiful. (n.d.). Based on a True True Story? Retrieved November 30, 2020, from Information is Beautiful: https://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/based-on-a-true-true-story/
Melfi, T. (Director). (2016). Hidden Figures [Motion Picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox.
L: Hi my name is Leanna Zynda. I am a fourth year student majoring in medical dietetics and we will be doing our podcast assignment on the Uyghurs in China.
C: My name is Carina Lang. I’m a third year student in nursing and I’m excited to do this podcast.
R: Hi everybody my name is Ryan Harrigan. I’m a second year student in the aviation major. I’m super excited to do this podcast. It was nice to meet Carina and Leanna.
R: Alright guys! Leanna I know you had a video for us to try and get everyone oriented to this very interesting topic and what is going on in Xinjiang, China. So, I think as you try to pull that up; which we’ll try to do our best with this technology.
L: Ok, here we go.
R: Cool, let’s do it.
[Video Clip]
Richard Bilton: My name is Richard Bilton. I’m a reporter for BBC Panorama. I wrote to you this week, sir, about the report in Xinjiang. I know that they are prison camps. Why won’t you tell me the truth about those camps?
Liu Xiaoming: First of all, I have to say, there’s no so-called labour camps as you describe. There’s what you call vocational, education and training centres. They are there for the prevention of terrorists.
Richard Bilton: With respect sir, I’m sorry to interrupt you but I have seen the orders that are sent to the prison camps and they are prisons.
Liu Xiaoming: What orders do you have? You mean the order that this is a prison camp?
Richard Bilton: They are orders for the people who run the camps and they are quite clear. That this is a prison camp.
Liu Xiaming: No I think that this is a pure fabrication.
Richard Bilton: It’s true. They’re brainwashing camps.
Liu Xiaming: Let me tell you what’s happening.
Richard Bilton: They change the way people behave, what they believe, even the language they speak, so they are brainwashing camps, aren’t they?
Liu Xiaming: I think there’s no such order for prison camps. You know, in Xinjiang, religious freedom is fully respected.
Richard Bilton: Just to be clear, the documents I’ve seen make it quite clear that people are held there, hundreds of thousands of people are held in these camps in Xinjiang. What you’re telling me, there’s no relation to what I’ve seen?
Liu Xiaming: I’m telling you that the so-called document that you’re talking about is a pure fabrication, sir. Don’t listen to fake news. Don’t listen to fabrications.
[End Video Clip]
R: Wow, very interesting.
C: Alright, very powerful video there.
R: Cool, well just I guess for anyone that doesn’t really know what’s going on…in Xinjiang, China there’s a group of Muslims called Uyghurs and unfortunately there was a terrorist attack in 2012 that motivated Chinese xenophobia, or islamophobia toward people, in this ethnic group. Ever since then China has started setting up concentration camps or what some say…are calling reeducation camps. Satellite images and reports we are getting from China would beg to differ unfortunately. So it looks like people their are being killed, their being sterilized so they cannot have children, they are basically trying to eradicate the Uyghur culture from every existing in Xinjiang, China. So, there is a lot of evidence, the Chinese cannot deny it any more and we are here to talk about how that is systemically unjust.
C: Yeah, they started…sorry Leanna…they started these camps back in 2014, so it’s been going on for a long time and the Chinese government just does not want…he just denies it every single time, ya know? They’re detaining the whole population and it’s not fair.
R: Ya, ya. You look at the video evidence, you really can’t deny it anymore. It’s out there.
C: Right.
L: Definitely. It’s also concerning the fact that there’s so much surveillance going within the community where this type of Muslim living. It’s just crazy, I mean the research that they found, the people investigating this, have shown that cameras are on them at all times. If they’re like moving fast, they are charted as dangerous, which can cause them to be arrested and detained. So it’s definitely a bunch of unfairness going on with these people. Definitely not right. A lot of injustice going on.
R: Ya. Absolutely.
C: I’ve also heard like religious restrictions, ya know? So, like, their culture is being pulled apart I feel like.
R: Ya. Definitely. I think in relation to course concepts, that’s a perfect example of Othering.
C: Right.
R: You can’t just throw everybody into the same category because of all of the hand full of people’s mistakes. Unfortunately, it’s happening, though.
L: Ya, definitely. It kind of ties back to where we, like, where we were at with the 9/11 attacks. Like, China is doing pretty much the same thing that we were but to a little bit more of an extreme. There’s a lot of Othering going on here in the United States but definitely to a whole other level there right now.
R: Ya, I would agree.
C: I would also consider the master-slave concept where the Muslims are looked at as basically the slaves in these camps compared to, like, the master as the Chinese government, controlling them. Would you guys agree with that?
R: Absolutely.
L: Definitely.
R: What do you guys think can be, like done about this? Does, like, NATO needs to get involved, or?
C: Ya, I know a lot of people have tried to shut them down such as the United Nations officials, foreign governments, human rights organizations, and the Chinese government is just really not listening to them, ya know? They’re doing their own thing trying to make people stay out of their business, I guess, because they don’t want anyone to know. But, I know they’re trying. But, ya know we’re so small it’s hard to think of ways that we can make an impact. Like, I know they’re trying to make an impact, for sure.
R: Right. Yeah absolutely.
L: Definitely. It’s hard with China still denying everything about it and not coming out and saying that it is what it is because it’s just education camps and they’re studying. It’s a lot more than that.
C: Right! I don’t believe it at all.
R: Right..and I hate to go back here but I mean like you guys mentioned the evidence is there, it’s overwhelming. There’s people that have either escaped or been released surprisingly and their like, listen! Electroshock therapy, forced to accept communist teachings, denial of religion, physical torture, physical abuse, and now even death. I mean there’s so many satellite images of mass graves in Xinjiang, China…the northern province of Xinjiang China, there decimating these areas trying to cover up the evidence unfortunately.
C: So, I had read an article…oh, sorry Leanna…about a person that had escaped from there and they mentioned the very harsh conditions. So just going back to what Ryan said, very unfair treatment towards them.
L: They do have cellphones inside the camps and if they make calls to someone else they have to be really careful what they say they can’t really, there is nothing they can say. If they give too much information only bad stuff will happen to them. It’s also concerning and sad where these Muslim are living in China that their Mosques and all that…they can’t even go to them anymore. It’s just sad to see their heritage is falling apart and they are being discriminated.
C: Their culture is being changed. You know? Very tough for them.
R: Leanna going off what you said I saw an interesting article 6 of their Mosques in that area where leveled to the ground, completely decimated…right…I don’t know, crazy.
L: Also scary, a lot of the work we’ve been doing talking about in class it seems as if we’ve already moved passed it but we are still healing from the wounds. It’s hard to look at this situation and realize they are still being detained, there is still harm going on, it is not just otherness in normal society that we might…I’m not sure if you guys get what I’m trying to say there.
C: Yes!
R: Ya! Are you saying it’s gone beyond systemic racism? This is turning into a physical problem.
L: Ya. It’s just sad.
C: Think about how the family members and the friends of these loved ones feel. They are being stripped away from them and it’s heart wrenching and you hear the worry in their voices in some videos I listened to and in some scripts where you read about their experiences. They are splitting up families and they don’t care. It’s really sad to see!
R: Right. I read an interesting statistic. 85% of the population in Xinjiang, hopefully I’m saying that right, has decreased…the Uyghur population has decreased and so clearly that is a problem. That means millions are still unaccounted for and they keep asking questions, where are my family members, where are my loved ones and the Chinese government just won’t give answers.
C: There’s millions of them there and hundreds of camps. Tons of them.
C: Going back to what….
R: Interesting.
C: Sorry Ryan.
R: No go ahead!
C: Going back to what you said that we can fix this, I don’t know. I know that when Trump was president, he had signed the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act into law to address a lot of the human rights violations made by the Chinese. That’s something they could carry on and try to bring this to light. They keep denying it and you can only do so much. What else do you guys think?
R: Well, I think in terms of solving the problem, in Spivak’s work she talked about minorities having a voice. Clearly these people are so oppressed that they can’t have that voice. So maybe doing a podcast like this is the voice…we can be their voice…we can get their message out there as sad as it is and hopefully things change for them.
L: There’s change that needs to be done. As long as we can do things like this and the U.S. government keeps getting involved, that’s about what we can do.
R: I think this requires a world effort unfortunately. It’s just gotten too far out of hand.
L: The Uyghurs in China have had a really harsh time in China for the past few years now. It’s sad…for me…I’ve just been made aware of this whole situation. It’s crazy. These people are going through so much and I didn’t even know about it which is crazy to me. As we keep working to let their voices be heard hopefully that is where we can start making a change for the better.
C: I also did not know very much about it before this podcast. When I did my research it was very sad. I wish there was something our government and also others can do to help stop this.
R: Right. Sorry guys am I still there. My apple ID popped up. Anyways, I did my diary of systemic injustice showcase on this one and I found this topic shocking and am so surprised this is happening today in the 21st century. Like you guys said, these people don’t have a voice so hopefully we can be there’s…and the world does something about this because clearly it’s bigger than just us.
C: Agreed
L: For those who are interested in learning more there is a really good documentary on PBS that gives you a really good insight of what these people are going through and puts it into intolight. Thank you for listening to us!
C: Thank you guys!
R: Thank you so much.
Resources
BBC News. (2020, September 24). Xinjiang: Large numbers of new detention camps uncovered in report. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277430
KARAM. (2020, september 17). Injustice against the Uighur Muslims. Retrieved from Karam: https://www.karamfoundation.org/1693-2/
Lippman, D., & Toosi, N. (2020, 08 25). Trump administration weighs accusing China of ‘genocide’ over Uighurs. Retrieved from Politico: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/25/trump-administration-china-genocide-uighurs-401581
Rahim, Z. (2019, October 22). Prisoners in China’s Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says. Retrieved from Independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-xinjiang-uighur-muslim-detention-camps-xi-jinping-persecution-a9165896.html
Reinsberg, L. (2020, July 29). China’s Forced Sterilization of Ughur Women Violates Clear International Law. Retrieved from Just Security : https://www.justsecurity.org/71615/chinas-forced-sterilization-of-uyghur-women-violates-clear-international-law/
Werleman, C. (2020, August 24). ‘Death is Everywhere’ Millions More Uyghurs Missing . Retrieved from Byline Times: https://bylinetimes.com/2020/08/24/death-is-everywhere-millions-more-uyghurs-missing/
China is currently under investigation by the United States and Europe on the suspicion that the countries leadership has authorized the ethnic cleansing of 12 million Uighur Muslims. In 2017, satellite images uncovered the construction of what appeared to be a large number of textile factories in the northern province of Xingjian, China. Shocking video and photo evidence leaked to the internet revealed that these were in fact 380 separate internment camps used by the Chinese government to imprison Uighur Muslims (BBC News, 2020). Since the camps establishment, the Uighur Muslim population within the Xingjian province has decreased by 85% (Vox, 2019).
The Chinese government has acknowledged the existence of the camps but refuses to release details concerning what is going on inside of them. The countries lead officials and ambassadors have seemingly denied all reports that China has mistreated its Muslim minority (Lippman & Toosi, 2020). However, testimony from those who have escaped or been released from the camps tells a much different story. Many of the victims describe being forced to accept communist ideology and deny their religious beliefs (Rahim, 2019). Other accounts depict gruesome images of physical abuse, rape, and torture (Rahim, 2019). Both male and female victims have claimed they were subjected to mandatory sterilization (Reinsberg, 2020).
I assume that you are curious why China is targeting the Muslim community. In 2012, a group of terrorists who were later identified by Chinese authorities as Uighur Muslims killed 20 people in a Xingjian market. Since then the Chinese government has heavily segregated the minority group and collectively stereotyped them as radical extremists (Vox, 2019). Uighurs are strictly prohibited from practicing their faith and attending religious gatherings (KARAM, 2020). Women are not allowed to wear headdresses and men cannot grow beards (KARAM, 2020). Given the strength of China’s police force, the Uighur Muslim community is powerless compared to their oppressors.
I personally find these events shocking. Unlike many of the stories we have read this semester that exist within a historical context, this is happening now. 9 million Uighur Muslims have been confirmed missing, many of which have likely been killed inside the internment camps (Werleman, 2020). This closely parallels Marjane Satrapi’s autobiographical novel Persepolis, which describes numerous instances of injustice that resulted in the death of thousands of Iranian moderates. In both instances, we observe a total disregard for human rights and individual freedom. Similar to the Iranian moderates, Uighur Muslims are being oppressed and possibly even murdered because of their beliefs and cultural identity.
The following article published on, Independent.com.uk, is a compilation of 6 before and after photos taken by satellites over Xinjiang. They show Uighur Muslim graveyards being decimated to make room for Chinese infrastructure. In photo 3 for example, you can clearly see a burial ground that was later turned into a park in 2019. This is further evidence suggesting that China intends to erase the ethnic identity of Muslims from the region.
I highly recommend checking out this YouTube video published by The Economist. It explains the situation in China and shows the oppression Uighur Muslims currently face.
Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277430
KARAM. (2020, september 17). Injustice against the Uighur Muslims. Retrieved from Karam: https://www.karamfoundation.org/1693-2/
Lippman, D., & Toosi, N. (2020, 08 25). Trump administration weighs accusing China of ‘genocide’ over Uighurs. Retrieved from Politico: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/25/trump-administration-china-genocide-uighurs-401581
Rahim, Z. (2019, October 22). Prisoners in China’s Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says. Retrieved from Independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-xinjiang-uighur-muslim-detention-camps-xi-jinping-persecution-a9165896.html
Reinsberg, L. (2020, July 29). China’s Forced Sterilization of Ughur Women Violates Clear International Law. Retrieved from Just Security : https://www.justsecurity.org/71615/chinas-forced-sterilization-of-uyghur-women-violates-clear-international-law/
Werleman, C. (2020, August 24). ‘Death is Everywhere’ Millions More Uyghurs Missing . Retrieved from Byline Times: https://bylinetimes.com/2020/08/24/death-is-everywhere-millions-more-uyghurs-missing/
This week’s module focuses on racial inequality in America. In the letter to Martin Luther King titled, A Group of Clergy Men, and John Lewis’s book, March, we read about a period of racially fueled turmoil that swept through the nation during a vulnerable time in American history. From 1954-1968 the Civil Rights Movement aimed to establish justice and peace amongst white and black citizens. African Americans courageously took to the streets to protest racism, segregation, discrimination, and unequal laws. Many of the racial barriers that once divided us have thankfully faded. However, recent protests, sparked by George Floyd’s death in Minneapolis, Minnesota make me question what level of racial discrimination still exists in American culture. In this discussion, I take a closer look at how the protests of today compare with those of the past. I have done my best to remove any political bias I might have and used the most credible sources I could find.
How are today’s protests similar to the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968?
2020 has been an incredibly challenging year for our nation. The COVID-19 pandemic has created global hysteria and severely disrupted American’s normal way of life. Additionally, we inch closer to a presidential election that has voters feeling uneasy about the future. To make matters worse, news reports of civil unrest, riots, protests, and murder are all over social media. People in the 1960’s experienced many of the same feelings we do today.
President Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration are recognized for encouraging equality and supporting multiculturalism in America. On June 2, 1964, he signed the Civil Rights Act which makes it unlawful to discriminate against a person on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or origin (Bowne, 2015). In contrast, Black Lives Matter protestors of today have called out President Trump and his administration for not taking a stand against systemic racism (Peters, 2020). At a public safety meeting in Kenosha, Wisconsin President Trump sat down with community leaders to discuss the recent protests and accusations of police brutality. When asked by a CNN reporter if he believed systemic racism still exists he responded by saying, “I don’t believe that:” (Burnett, 2020). Protesters were disheartened by the president’s comments in light of the recent shooting involving Jacob Blake (Burnett, 2020).
John Lewis’s book, March, closely mirrors the civil unrest that is currently taking place in our communities. Like the organizers of the Black Lives Matter protests, Lewis bravely stood up for the rights of African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. He and his fellow activists were tear-gassed, beaten, and arrested because they marched against segregation (Lewis, Aydin, & Powell, 2013). However, they eventually succeeded and had these policies overturned. Lewis’s book serves as a modern-day testament to freedom and the power of unity. Although the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter Protests are separated by time, they are founded on the same core principles. Peace, justice, and equal opportunity remain the present call to action of those seeking social change and political stability.
How are today’s protests different than the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968?
Ian Thomsen, a student at Northeastern University School of Law interviewed professor of law and director of the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project, Margaret Burnham. Burnham has dedicated most of her life to the study of equality and social justice (Burnham, 2020). She was present at the March on Washington in 1963 and remains an activist for the rights of African Americans across the nation. When asked what is different about modern-day protests versus those that took place during the ’60s, she said, “there is a different level of participation by people beyond the African American community” (Burnham, 2020). This observation makes me hopeful the Civil Rights Movement instilled lasting change in our nation. Protesters during the ’60s were predominantly African American. Few whites participated in public demonstrations in support of equal rights. The Black Lives Matter movement of today encompasses many races and cultural backgrounds. The diversity of participants is unprecedented compared to the Civil Rights Movement of the ’60s.
In an article published by National Geographic titled, 2020 is not 1968: To understand today’s protest, you must look further back, author Thomas J. Sugrue writes how today’s protests are shockingly less violent than those that took place during the Civil Rights Movement (Sugrue, 2020). For example, in July of 1967 in Newark, New Jersey, 34 African Americans were killed, 23 of which were at the hands of the local police (Sugrue, 2020). In Detroit, Michigan 43 people lost their lives, shot by a mix of police, National Guard, and military troops (Sugrue, 2020). Undoubtedly many people have been injured by police throughout the course of recent demonstrations. However, from what I have been able to find there are no reported instances of police opening fire with lethal weapons on unarmed protesters. Despite the chaos publicized by the media, many of today’s protestors seek change and do not aim to incite violence.
Interestingly, pages 99-103 of March, detail John Lewis’s account of the Woolworth’s department store attack, on February 27th, 1960 in Nashville, Tennessee. Although they were warned by a trusted minister that they would not be welcome at the store, Lewis and his fellow activists went anyway. When they arrived to eat, an angry mob of white men gathered at the sandwich counter shouting derogatory terms. It did not take long before chaos broke out and the whites attacked Lewis and his friends. With no choice but to defend themselves Lewis and the activists fought back until the police arrived. Instead of rounding up the white instigators, police arrested Lewis and his group for civil disobedience.
John Lewis’s story serves as a reminder of how far our nation has come since the ’60s. America is quickly becoming one of the world’s most ethnically diverse countries (Horowitz, 2019). Studies show a positive correlation between multiculturalism, economic growth, and human development (VanAlstine, Cox, & Roden, 2015). Tossing aside prejudice and working together has the potential to greatly improve American’s quality of life. I believe our country’s future depends on how well we integrate with one another socially and politically throughout the coming months.
Should people continue protesting or work closely with legislators to combat racial injustice?
Protesting is a First Amendment Right protected by the United States Constitution (FindLaw, n.d.). Similar events throughout American history have brought about significant change and helped reform unpopular legislation. According to The New York Times, an estimated 7 million people have participated in Black Lives Matter protests across the nation (Buchanan, Bui, & Patel, Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History, 2020). More people join the movement each day as awareness continues to spread.
In the April 1963 letter to Martin Luther King titled, A Group of Clergy Men, we observe how quickly protests can capture the attention of leadership (Carpenter, et al., 2020). The writers of this letter argued that the protesters could increase the effectiveness of their message by remaining peaceful (Carpenter, et al., 2020). They went on to say that the destruction of property, looting, arson, senseless killing, and violence was a counterproductive means of objection. The clergymen asked that people persist cordially as government officials and legislators go through the due process required to amend laws and change local policies. This and many letters similar set the stage for progressive talks between Martin Luther King and President Johnson, resulting in the Civil Rights Act being signed into law in 1963 (Jessiekratz, 2018).
Concluding Thoughts
In summary, the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter protests share key similarities and differences, however they both aim to accomplish the same thing. Society has made considerable progress towards equality since the 1960s. The unfortunate death of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Atatiana Jefferson, and Stephon Clark come to mind when considering the recent failures of law enforcement and an intolerable abuse of power (Chaghtai & Jazeera, 2020). I encourage people to continue standing up for what they believe in and unite for racial equality. Conversely, violence, rioting, and looting should never be considered a means of reprisal. Although the future of our nation is unclear, we can be certain America will remain the world’s most prominent example of freedom and democracy. Joined by the core principles of liberty, equality, and unity the people of this great nation have the potential to overcome all obstacles in hopes of a brighter future.
References
Bowne, M. (2015, July 2). This Day in History: President Lyndon B. Johnson Signed the Civil Rights act of 1964. Retrieved from The White House President Barack Obama: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/07/02/day-history-president-lyndon-b-johnson-signed-civil-rights-act-1964
Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel , J. K. (2020, July 3). Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Moveemnt in U.S. History . Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html
Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, July 3). Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html
Burnett, E. (2020, 09 01). ‘I don’t believe that:’ Trump denies systemic racism in US. Retrieved from CNN Politics: https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/09/01/trump-systemic-racism-ebof-vpx.cnn
Burnham, M. (2020, June 4). How do today’s black lives matter protests compare to the civil rights movement of the 1960s? (I. Thomsen, Interviewer)
Carpenter, C., Durick, J. A., Grafman, M. L., Hardin, P., Harmon, N. B., Murray, G. M., . . . Stallings, E. (2020). Concerned Clergymen’s Letter to Martin Luther King . Retrieved from CarmenCanvas: https://osu.instructure.com/courses/85555/files/22407106?module_item_id=4853586
Chaghtai , A., & Jazeera, A. (2020). Know their names. Retrieved from interactive : https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/know-their-names/index.html
FindLaw. (n.d.). Is There a Right to Peaceful Protest? Retrieved from FindLaw: https://civilrights.findlaw.com/enforcing-your-civil-rights/is-there-a-right-to-peaceful-protest.html#:~:text=Free%20expression%20of%20one’s%20beliefs,press%2C%20and%20freedom%20of%20assembly.&text=But%20while%20there%20is%20a,operative%20word%2C%20there%
Gittinger, T., & Fisher, A. (2004). LBJ Chmapions the Civil Rights Act of 1964. National Archives, 36(2). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-1.html
History. (2020). Civil Rights Movement . Retrieved from History: https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement
Horowitz, J. M. (2019, May 8). Americans See Advantages and Challenges in Country’s Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/05/08/americans-see-advantages-and-challenges-in-countrys-growing-racial-and-ethnic-diversity/
Jessiekratz. (2018, February 28). LBJ and MLK. Retrieved from National Archives Pieces of History : https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/02/28/lbj-and-mlk/
Lewis , J., Aydin, A., & Powell, N. (2013). March . Marietta , Georgia: Top Shelf Productions. Retrieved from https://www.comicextra.com/march/chapter-1/30
Mazumder, S. (2020, August 27). What Protests Can (And Can’t) Do. Retrieved from FiveThirtyEight: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-protests-can-do/
Peters, J. W. (2020, July 14). Ask About Black Americans Killed by Police, Trump Says, “So Are White People”. Retrieved from The New York TImes: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/us/politics/trump-white-people-killed-by-police.html
Sugrue, T. J. (2020, June 11). 2020 is not 1968: To understand today’s protests, you must look further back . Retrieved from National Geographic : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/06/2020-not-1968/
VanAlstine, J., Cox, S. R., & Roden, D. M. (2015). Cultural Diversity in the United States and Its Impact on Human Development. Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences, 18(1). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=jiass
