Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

  1. Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, Maria M. Orsini, and Joy Kadowaki. Forthcoming. “The Framing of Minority Threat and Moralization to Criminalize Behavior: The Case of Cannabis in the Early 20th Century.” Social Problems.
  2. Jeremy Staff and Mike Vuolo. Forthcoming. “Time-Varying Correlates of Adult Singlehood: Education, Work, Living Arrangements, and Mental Health.” Research in Human Development.
  3. Amy Rauer, Justing Jager, and Mike Vuolo. 2024. “Relationship and Singlehood Trajectories During the Transition to Older Adulthood over the Past 40 Years.” Research in Human Development. Online early.
  4. Mike Vuolo, Maria M. Orsini, Jeremy Staff, Jennifer L. Maggs, and Brian C. Kelly. 2024. “Comprehensive Vaping Bans Are Associated with Lower Odds of Initiation into Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use among Young People.” Addiction. Online early.
  5. Eric Janssen and Mike Vuolo. 2024. “Correlates of Stimulant Use Among People Who Use Heroin Undergoing Treatment in Out-patient Facilities in France, 2010-2020.Substance Use and Misuse 59(3):252-61.
  6. Eric Janssen, Mike Vuolo, Stanislas Spilka, and Guillaume Airagnesa. 2024. “Predictors of Concurrent Heroin Use among Patients on Opioid Maintenance Treatment in France: A Multilevel Study over 11 Years.” Harm Reduction Journal 21:15.
  7. Jeremy Staff, Jessica Mongilio, Jennifer L. Maggs, Mike Vuolo, and Brian C. Kelly. 2024. “Household Vaping Bans and Youth E-Cigarette Use.Addiction 119(1):74-83.
  8. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, Jennifer Maggs, and Jeremy Staff. 2023. “E-Cigarette Use among Early Adolescent Tobacco Cigarette Smokers: Testing the Disruption and Entrenchment Hypotheses in Two Longitudinal Cohorts.Tobacco Control. Online early.
  9. Paul Bellair, Steven Lopez, Eric G. LaPlant, Mike Vuolo, and Robert Apel. 2023. “Is Work Associated with More or Less Criminal Involvement in the Short-Term? New Evidence of the Former Among a Justice-Involved Sample.Crime & Delinquency. Online early.
  10. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, Maria M. Orsini, Jennifer L. Maggs, and Jeremy Staff. 2023. “Tobacco Policy & ENDS Policy Influences on Adolescent Vaping across U.S. States.American Journal of Preventive Medicine 65(6):1026-33.
  11. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2023. “Trends in Psychotropic-Drug-Implicated Cardiovascular Mortality: Patterns in U.S. Mortality 1999-2020.American Journal of Preventive Medicine 65(3):377-84.
  12. Mike Vuolo, Eric Janssen, and Ivette Flores Laffont. 2023. “Using Crack or Smoking Cocaine, That Is the Question: The Association of Sociodemographic Factors with Self-Labeling Choices in France.Deviant Behavior 44(6):920-34.
  13. Jack Lam and Mike Vuolo. 2023. “Longitudinal Associations between Loneliness and Prescription Medication Use.Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 78(4):730-5.
  14. Mike Vuolo, Lesley E. Schneider, and Eric G. LaPlant. 2023. “Surveillance and the Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Formerly Incarcerated Individuals.Punishment & Society 25(2):386-406.
  15. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2023. “Correlates of Heroin Use, Pharmaceutical Fentanyl Misuse, and Dual Heroin-Fentanyl Use: Evidence from the U.S.Drugs, Habits and Social Policy 24(1):14-25.
  16. Maria M. Orsini, Mike Vuolo, and Brian C. Kelly. 2023. “Adolescent Cannabis Use during a Period of Rapid Policy Change: Evidence from the PATH Study.Journal of Adolescent Health 72(3):412-18.
  17. Constanza P. Silva, Jennifer Maggs, Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, and Jeremy Staff. 2023. “Associations Between E-Cigarettes and Subsequent Cocaine Use in Adolescence: An Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study.Nicotine & Tobacco Research 25(3):514-23.
  18. Xiaozhao Yousef Yang, Brian C. Kelly, Mark Pawson, and Mike Vuolo. 2023. “Vaping in a Time of Pandemics: Risk Perception and Motivations for Electronic Cigarette Use.Nicotine & Tobacco Research 25(2):237-46.
  19. Brian C. Kelly, Mark Pawson, and Mike Vuolo. 2023. “Social Network Ties and Responses to COVID-19 among E-cigarette Users.Journal of Drug Issues 53(1):145-58.
  20. Mike Vuolo, Lesley E. Schneider, and Eric G. LaPlant. 2022. “Employment Application Criminal Record Questions and Willingness to Apply: A Mixed Method Study of Self-Selection.American Journal of Sociology 128(2):552-92. *equal authorship
  21. Xiaozhao Yousef Yang, Dan Wu, and Mike Vuolo. 2022. “The Toxic Gift: Reciprocity and Social Capital in Cigarette Exchange in China.Health Sociology Review 31(3):309-25.
  22. Mike Vuolo, Laura C. Frizzell, and Brian C. Kelly. 2022. “Surveillance, Self-Governance, and Mortality: Impact of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on U.S. Overdose Mortality, 2000-2016.Journal of Health and Social Behavior 63(3):337-56. Accompanying policy brief. *Honorable Mention, American Sociological Association Section on Medical Sociology 2023 Light Award for the Applied or Public Practice of Medical Sociology.
  23. Lesley E. Schneider, Mike Vuolo, Sarah Lageson, and Christopher Uggen. 2022. “Before and After Ban the Box: Who Complies with Anti-Discrimination Law?Law & Social Inquiry 47(3)749-82.
  24. Christie Sennott , Sadé L. Lindsay, Brian C. Kelly, and Mike Vuolo. 2022. “The Liberalization of Cannabis Possession Laws and Birth Outcomes: A State-Level Fixed Effects Analysis, 2003-2019.Population Research and Policy Review 41(4):1809-29.
  25. Mike Vuolo and Brian C. Kelly. 2022. “Effects of County-Level Opioid Dispensing Rates on Individual-Level Patterns of Prescription Opioid and Heroin Consumption: Evidence from National U.S. Data.American Journal of Psychiatry 179(4):305-11.
  26. Jack Lam and Mike Vuolo. 2022. “Later-Life Transitions and Changes in Prescription Medication Use for Pain and Depression.BMC Geriatrics 22:222.
  27. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2022. “Do Naloxone Access Laws Affect Perceived Risk of Heroin Use?: Evidence from National U.S. Data.Addiction 117(3):666-76.
  28. Jeremy Staff, Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, Jennifer Maggs, and Constanza P. Silva. 2022. “Electronic Cigarette Use in Adolescence is Associated with Later Cannabis Use.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 232:109302.
  29. Jeremy Staff, Brian C. Kelly, Jennifer Maggs, and Mike Vuolo. 2022. “Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking in the Millennium Cohort Study.Addiction 117(2):484-94.
  30. Mike Vuolo, Sadé L. Lindsay, and Brian C. Kelly. 2022. “Further Consideration of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Young Adult Smoking in Light of the Liberalization of Cannabis Policies.Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24(1):60-68.
  31. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, and Laura C. Frizzell. 2021. “Pediatric Drug Overdose Mortality: Contextual and Policy Effects for Children Under 12.Pediatric Research 90(6):1258-65.
  32. Sadé L. Lindsay and Mike Vuolo. 2021. “Criminalized or Medicalized? Examining the Role of Race in Responses to Drug Use.Social Problems 68(4):942-63. *WINNER, American Sociological Association Section on Drugs and Society 2023 Distinguished Scholarly Paper Award.
  33. John Corrigan, Mike Vuolo, Jennifer Bonger, Amanda L. Botticello, Shanti Pinto, and Gale Whiteneck. 2021. “Do State Supports for Persons with Brain Injury Affect Outcomes 1 to 5 Years Following Acute Rehabilitation?Health & Place 72:102674.
  34. Hugo López-Pelayo, Silvia Matrai, Mercè Balcells-Olivero, Eugènia Campeny, Fleur Braddick, Matthijs G. Bossong, Olga S. Cruz, Paolo Deluca, Geert Dom, Daniel Feingold, Tom P. Freeman, Pablo Guzman, Chandni Hindocha, Brian C. Kelly, Nienke Liebregts, Valentina Lorenzetti, Jakob Manthey, João Matias, Clara Oliveras, Maria T. Pons, Jürgen Rehm, Moritz Rosenkranz, Zoe Swithenbank, Luc van Deurse, Julian Vicente, Mike Vuolo, Marcin Wojnar, and Antoni Gual. 2021. “Standard units for cannabis dose: Why is it important to standardize cannabis dose for drug policy and how can we enhance its place on the public health agenda?International Journal of Drug Policy 97:103350.
  35. Laura C. Frizzell, Mike Vuolo, and Brian C. Kelly. 2021. “Integrating Theories of Gender and Sexuality with Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Misuse during Sex.Gender & Society 35(5):691-718.
  36. Eric G. LaPlant and Mike Vuolo. 2021. “The Significance of Race: Overcoming Obstacles in the Adoption of Ban the Box Laws.The Sociological Quarterly 62(3):570-93.
  37. Mike Vuolo, Laura C. Frizzell, and Brian C. Kelly. 2021. “Trends in Psychotropic-Drug-Implicated Mortality: Psychotropic Drugs as a Contributing But Non-Underlying Cause of Death.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 226:108843.
  38. Mike Vuolo, Eric Janssen, Olivier Le Nézet, and Stanislas Spilka. 2021. “Community- and Individual-Level Risk Factors of Past Month E-cigarette Use among Adolescents in France.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 226:108823.
  39. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2021. “Developing Explanatory Models for Life Course Shifts in the Burden of Substance Use to Inform Future Policy and Practice.International Journal of Drug Policy 94:103182.
  40. Hugo López-Pelayo, Silvia Matrai, Mercè Balcells-Olivero, Eugènia Campeny, Fleur Braddick, Matthijs G. Bossong, Olga S. Cruz, Paolo Deluca, Geert Dom, Daniel Feingold, Tom P. Freeman, Pablo Guzman, Chandni Hindocha, Brian C. Kelly, Nienke Liebregts, Valentina Lorenzetti, Jakob Manthey, João Matias, Clara Oliveras, Maria T. Pons, Jürgen Rehm, Moritz Rosenkranz, Zoe Swithenbank, Luc van Deurse, Julian Vicente, Mike Vuolo, Marcin Wojnar, and Antoni Gual. 2021. “Supporting future cannabis policy – developing a Standard Joint Unit: a brief back-casting exercise.Frontiers in Psychiatry 12:675033.
  41. Brian C. Kelly, Mark Pawson, and Mike Vuolo. 2021. “Beliefs on COVID-19 among Electronic Cigarette Users: Behavioral Responses and Implications for COVID Prevention and E-cigarette Interventions.Journal of Drug Issues 51(2):280-96.
  42. Eric Janssen, Mike Vuolo, Clément Gérome, and Agnès Cadet-Taïrou. 2021. “Mixed Methods to Assess the Use of Rare Illicit Psychoactive Substances: A Case Study.Epidemiologic Methods 10(1):20200031.
  43. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2020. “Nightlife Scene Involvement and Patterns of Prescription Drug Misuse.Drug and Alcohol Review 39(7):888-97.
  44. Laura C. Frizzell, Mike Vuolo, and Brian C. Kelly. 2020. “State Pain Management Clinic Policies and County Opioid Prescribing: A Fixed Effects Analysis.Drug and Alcohol Dependence 216:108239.
  45. Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, and Vincent Roscigno. 2020. “COVID-19 Mask Requirements as a Workers’ Rights Issue: Parallels to Smoking Bans.American Journal of Preventive Medicine 59(5):764-67.
  46. Mike Vuolo and João Matias. 2020. “Sources of Drug Acquisition among Females and Males in the European Web Survey on Drugs.International Journal of Drug Policy 81:102777.
  47. Jeremy Staff, Alyssa M. Yetter, Kelsey Cundiff, Nayan Ramirez, Mike Vuolo, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2020. “Is Teenage Employment Still a Risk Factor for High School Dropout?Journal of Research on Adolescence 30(2):406-22
  48. Eric Janssen, Agnès Cadet-Taïrou, Clément Gérome, and Mike Vuolo. 2020. “Estimating the Size of Crack Cocaine Users in France: Methods for an Elusive Population with High Heterogeneity.: International Journal of Drug Policy 76:102637.
  49. Jeremy Staff, Jennifer Maggs, Christopher Seto, Julia Dillavou, and Mike Vuolo. 2020. “Electronic and Combustible Cigarette Use in Adolescence: Links with Adjustment, Delinquency, and Other Substance Use.Journal of Adolescent Health 66(1):39-47.
  50. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2019. “Cognitive Aptitude, Peers, and Trajectories of Marijuana Use from Adolescence through Young Adulthood.PLOS ONE 14(10):e0223152.
  51. Mike Vuolo, Bradley R. E. Wright, and Sadé L. Lindsay. 2019. “Inmate Responses to Experiences with Court System Procedural and Distributive Justice.The Prison Journal 99(6):725-47.
  52. Elaine Hernandez, Mike Vuolo, Laura C. Frizzell, and Brian C. Kelly. 2019. “Moving Upstream: The Role of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions on Educational Inequalities in Smoking among Young Adults.Demography 56(5):1693-1721.
  53. David Melamed and Mike Vuolo. 2019. “Assessing Differences between Nested and Cross-Classified Hierarchical Models.Sociological Methodology 49(1):220-57.
  54. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2019. “Social Network Ties to Nightlife and Healthcare Professionals and Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Adults.International Journal of Drug Policy 66:48-56.
  55. Ty Miller and Mike Vuolo. 2018. “Examining the Anti-Ascetic Hypothesis through Social Control Theory: Delinquency, Religion, and Reciprocation across the Early Life Course.Crime & Delinquency 64(11)1458-88.
  56. Richard A. Grucza, Mike Vuolo, Melissa J. Krauss, Andrew D. Plunk, Arpana Agrawal, Frank J. Chaloupka, and Laura J. Beirut. 2018. “Cannabis Decriminalization: A Study of Recent Policy Change in Five States.International Journal of Drug Policy 59:67-75.
  57. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, Laura C. Frizzell, and Elaine Hernandez. 2018. “Denormalization, Smoke-Free Air Policy, and Tobacco Use among Young Adults.Social Science & Medicine 211:70-77. *WINNER, American Sociological Association Section on Medical Sociology 2019 Light Award for the Applied or Public Practice of Medical Sociology.
  58. Brian C. Kelly and Mike Vuolo. 2018. “Trajectories of Marijuana Use and the Transition to Adulthood.Social Science Research 73:175-88.
  59. Paul Bellair, Mike Vuolo, and Eric G. LaPlant. 2018. “Frequent Drug Use and Negative Employment Outcomes among the Criminally Active.Substance Use & Misuse 53(5):828-36.
  60. Mike Vuolo, Joy Kadowaki, and Brian C. Kelly. 2017. “Marijuana’s Moral Entrepreneurs, Then and Now.” Contexts 16(4):20-25. Accompanying quote sources
  61. Mike Vuolo. 2017. “Copula Models for Sociology: Measures of Dependence and Probabilities for Joint Distributions.” Sociological Methods & Research 46(3):604-48. Accompanying R code.
  62. Brian C. Kelly, Emily Harris, and Mike Vuolo. 2017. “Psychosocial Influences of the Escalation of Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Sniffing.” Deviant Behavior 38(8):941-56.
  63. Mike Vuolo, Christopher Uggen, and Sarah Lageson. 2017. “Race, Recession, and Social Closure in the Low Wage Labor Market: Experimental and Observational Evidence.” Research in the Sociology of Work 30:141-83.
  64. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, and Alexandra Marin. 2017. “Multiple Dimensions of Peer Effects and Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Adults.” Socius 3:1-18.
  65. Mike Vuolo, Sarah Lageson, and Christopher Uggen. 2017. “Criminal Record Questions in the Era of ‘Ban the Box.'” Criminology & Public Policy 16(1):139-65.
  66. Jeylan T. Mortimer, Minzee Kim, Jeremy Staff, and Mike Vuolo. 2016. “Unemployment, Parental Help, and Self-Efficacy during the Transition to Adulthood.” Work and Occupations 43(4):434-65.
  67. Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, and Joy Kadowaki. 2016. “Impact of Total Vending Machine Restrictions on U.S. Young Adult Smoking.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 18(11):2092-99.
  68. Mike Vuolo, Joy Kadowaki, and Brian C. Kelly. 2016. “A Multilevel Test of Constrained Choices Theory: The Case of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 57(3):351-72.
  69. Mike Vuolo, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Jeremy Staff. 2016. “The Value of Educational Degrees in Turbulent Economic Times: Evidence from the Youth Development Study.” Social Science Research 57:233-52
  70. Mike Vuolo, Christopher Uggen, and Sarah Lageson. 2016. “Statistical Power in Experimental Audit Studies: Cautions and Calculations for Matched Tests with Nominal Outcomes.” Sociological Methods & Research 45(2):260-303. Online appendices. Accompanying R code.
  71. Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, and Joy Kadowaki. 2016. “Independent and Interactive Effects of Smoking Bans and Tobacco Taxes on a Cohort of U.S. Young Adults.” American Journal of Public Health 106(2):374-80.
  72. Scott R. Eliason, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Mike Vuolo. 2015. “The Transition to Adulthood: Life Course Structures and Subjective Perceptions.” Social Psychology Quarterly 78(3):205-27.
  73. Brian C. Kelly, Mike Vuolo, Mark Pawson, Brooke E. Wells, and Jeffrey T. Parsons. 2015. “Chasing the Bean: Prescription Drug Smoking among Youth.” Journal of Adolescent Health 56(6):632-38.
  74. Brian C. Kelly, H. Jonathon Rendina, Mike Vuolo, Brooke E. Wells, and Jeffrey T. Parsons. 2015. “A Typology of Prescription Drug Misuse: A Latent Class Approach to Differences and Harms.” Drug and Alcohol Review 34(2):211-20.
  75. Sarah Lageson, Mike Vuolo, and Christopher Uggen. 2015. “Legal Ambiguity in Managerial Assessments of Criminal Records.” Law & Social Inquiry 40(1):175-204.
  76. Joy Kadowaki, Mike Vuolo, and Brian C. Kelly. 2015. “A Review of the Current Geographic Distribution of and Debate Surrounding Electronic Cigarette Clean Air Regulations in the United States.” Health & Place 31:75-82.
  77. Brian C. Kelly, H. Jonathon Rendina, Mike Vuolo, Brooke E. Wells, and Jeffrey T. Parsons. 2015. “Influences of Motivational Contexts on Prescription Drug Misuse and Related Drug Problems.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 48(1):49-55.
  78. Mike Vuolo, Kenneth F. Ferraro, Patricia M. Morton, and Ting-Ying Yang. 2014. “Why Do Older People Change Their Ratings of Childhood Health?Demography 51(6):1999-2023.
  79. Christopher Uggen, Mike Vuolo, Sarah Lageson, Ebony Ruhland, and Hilary Whitham. 2014. “The Edge of Stigma: An Experimental Audit of the Effects of Low-level Criminal Records on Employment.” Criminology 52(4):627-54.
  80. Mike Vuolo, Brian C. Kelly, Brooke E. Wells, and Jeffrey T. Parsons. 2014. “Correlates of Prescription Drug Market Involvement among Young Adults.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 143:257-262.
  81. Mike Vuolo, Christopher Uggen, and Sarah Lageson. 2014. “Taste Clusters of Music and Drugs: Evidence from Three Analytic Levels.” British Journal of Sociology 65(3):529-54.
  82. Mike Vuolo. 2014. “Incorporating Consensus and Conflict into the Legitimacy of Law.” Crime, Law and Social Change 62(2):155-70.
  83. Mike Vuolo, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Jeremy Staff. 2014. “Adolescent Precursors of Pathways from School to Work.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 24(1):145-62.
  84. Mike Vuolo and Jeremy Staff. 2013. “Parent and Child Cigarette Use: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study.” Pediatrics 132(3):e568-e577.
  85. Mike Vuolo. 2013. “National-Level Drug Policy and Young People’s Illicit Drug Use: A Multilevel Analysis of the European Union.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 131(1-2):149-56.
  86. Mike Vuolo. 2013. “The Criminal Law and Public Health Context of Drug Policy Support among Young People in the European Union.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 54(1):3-28.
  87. Mike Vuolo, Jeremy Staff, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2012. “Weathering the Great Recession: Psychological and Behavioral Trajectories in the Transition from School to Work.” Developmental Psychology 48(6):1759-73.
  88. Mike Vuolo. 2012. “Placing Deviance in a Legal and Local Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Cigarette Use in the European Union.” Social Forces 90(4):1377-1402.
  89. Mayumi Uno, Jeylan T. Mortimer, Minzee Kim, and Mike Vuolo. 2010. “‘Holding On’ or ‘Coming to Terms’ with Educational Underachievement: A Longitudinal Study of Ambition and Attainment.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 130:41-56.
  90. Mike Vuolo and Candace Kruttschnitt. 2008. “Prisoners’ Adjustment, Correctional Officers, and Context: The Foreground and Background of Punishment in Late Modernity.” Law & Society Review 42(2):307-36.
  91. Jeylan T. Mortimer, Mike Vuolo, Jeremy Staff, Sara Wakefield, and Wanling Xie. 2008. “Tracing the Timing of ‘Career’ Acquisition in a Contemporary Youth Cohort.” Work and Occupations 35(1):44-84.
  92. Candace Kruttschnitt and Mike Vuolo. 2007. “The Cultural Context of Women Prisoners’ Mental Health: A Comparison of Two Prison Systems.” Punishment & Society 9(2): 115-50.

Book chapters

  1. Mike Vuolo and João Matias. 2022. “Sources of Cannabis Acquisition by Country and Frequency of Use in the European Web Survey on Drugs.” In Monitoring Drug Use in the Digital Age: Studies in Web Surveys, EMCDDA Insights. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  2. Mike Vuolo, Christopher Uggen, and Sarah Lageson. 2018. “To Match or Not to Match? Statistical and Substantive Considerations in Audit Design and Analysis.” In S.M. Gaddis (ed.), Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance. New York: Springer.
  3. Jeremy Staff, Nayan Ramirez, and Mike Vuolo. 2015. “The Transition to Adulthood Matters.” In P.R. Amato, A. Booth, S.M. McHale, and J. Van Hook (eds.), Families in an Era of Increasing Inequality: Diverging Destinies. New York: Springer.
  4. Jeylan T. Mortimer, Mike Vuolo, and Jeremy Staff. 2014. “Agentic Pathways toward Fulfillment in Work.” In A. C. Keller, R. Samuel, M. M. Bergman, and N. K. Semmer (eds.), Psychological, Educational, and Sociological Perspectives on Success and Well-Being in Career Development. New York: Springer.