Wayne County IPM Notes for July 19-July 25

Wayne County IPM Notes

Vegetable Pests

            Hot and dry conditions are often ideal for spider mites to thrive, and this year is no different. Spider mites proliferate during these conditions and are currently doing so in melon plantings. They feed on the undersides of the leaves and their feeding damage over time can cause chlorosis and stippling, and eventually the leaf will shrivel and die. More on spider mite management

Cucumber Beetles are feeding again, primarily on young, recently transplanted squash. However, the adults are not the only ones causing damage. The larvae of the cucumber beetles have also been doing damage. I have seen damage to the skin of melons where the melon is sitting on the soil. This contact area between the ground and the melon provides the perfect place for cucumber beetle larva to feed.

 

Tomato hornworm that was feeding on tomato plants. F. Becker photo.

I have started to see a decent amount of damage from tomato hornworms. Be sure to keep an eye on your tomato plants for large areas of defoliation near the top of the plant, as well as damage to the fruit. Tomato hornworms may also feed on Solanaceous plants such as peppers, eggplant and potato, although not to the extent of which they feed on tomato plants.

Japanese beetles are out in large numbers on a wide range of crops. Sweet corn growers should be especially wary of Japanese Beetles feeding since one of their target areas on sweet corn is the silk. The beetles can clip the silk which limits the silk’s receptivity to pollen.

Vegetable Diseases

            Downy Mildew has now been detected and confirmed in Wayne County. Cucumber growers should have started a spray program for cucurbit downy mildew.

Powdery mildew is starting to show up on cucurbit crops around the area. If older plantings of summer squash are heavily infested and you are no longer harvesting from those areas, it would be of your best interest to terminate that crop so that you are not allowing the powdery mildew to have a place to thrive. This is especially important if you have younger, successive plantings of summer squash nearby.

This week, the lab at OARDC confirmed bacterial leaf spot on pepper. Bacterial infections have been limited this year due to the heat and dry weather, however, they should still be managed appropriately. This is one of the most destructive diseases for peppers and will result in a yield reduction due to loss of foliage and infection on the fruit.

Bacterial wilt is starting to show up in older squash plants, unfortunately at this point there is nothing that can be done. The cucumber beetles feeding on the plant while it was young vectored the bacteria responsible for bacterial wilt and the plant is finally being impacted by the infection.

Fruit Pests

Grape berry moth larvae are starting to feed and cause damage in grape clusters. Scouting grapes and carefully assessing the grape clusters can help you determine management needs. Infestations of grape berry moths are typically higher along the borders, and near woods or hedge lines as compared to the interior of the vineyard.

Spotted Wing Drosophila numbers are remaining high. Other than spraying insecticides such as malathion, it is beneficial to limit the

Grapes damaged by grape berry moth. F. Becker photo.

amount of overripe/cull fruit that is on the ground around the plants. The fruit on the ground only attracts more flies and in encouraging good sanitation in the patch it can help reduce the number of flies being drawn in.

Codling Moth traps have started to show increasing numbers, with some inconsistency, but nonetheless, the counts have trended up. Oriental fruit moth traps spiked this week, going from essentially 0 per trap to averaging between 7 and 8 per trap.

Japanese beetles are feeding across the spectrum of fruit crops that I am scouting. I have noticed heavy damage primarily occurring on ripe blueberries and on grape leaves. Left uncontrolled, the Japanese beetles can cause significant damage to blueberries and severe defoliation in grapes.

Fruit Diseases

            Apple and peach growers should continue their spray programs to manage fruit rots and diseases such as flyspeck and sooty blotch in apples and brown rot in peaches. Alternaria leaf blotch can be found on some apple trees right now. This can be made worse by red mite infestations. With high populations of mites and the leaf blotch, severe defoliation can occur.

Grapes should be starting to get some color to them as the clusters are starting to increase in size. At this point, most varieties of grapes should be resistant to black rot. Although symptoms of black rot may be showing up on untreated grapes, it is too late to do anything.  Growers with varieties of grapes that are not resistant to downy mildew should consider a spray program. Grape growers should also keep an eye out for powdery mildew, as this is the time of year when powdery mildew is typically found on grapes.

Cucumber Downy Mildew Confirmed in Sandusky County in Ohio

Downy mildew was confirmed today on cucumbers in our sentinel plot on the OSU North Central Agricultural Research Station in Fremont and a home garden in Clyde, both in Sandusky County.  This follows reports for cucumbers in Medina and Wayne Counties earlier this month. As I’ve indicated in previous posts, we believe that cucumber downy mildew has been present in northern Ohio counties for several weeks; growers should be protecting cucumbers with recommended fungicides.  We haven’t had reports of downy mildew on melons (cantaloupe) but melons are susceptible to the strain of the downy mildew pathogen circulating in northern Ohio, as are giant pumpkins. So these crops should also be protected now with fungicides.

Garden cucumbers with downy mildew

While downy mildew does not cause lesions on fruit, it does reduce yield significantly by damaging and eventually killing the foliage.  Growers who stop harvesting fields with severe downy mildew should destroy the plants as soon as possible to eliminate this source of inoculum. The pathogen does not survive in the soil.

Home gardeners who choose to treat cucumbers or melons with a fungicide should purchase a product containing chlorothalanil and start applications before the disease appears.  If the disease becomes severe gardeners should destroy the plants to reduce local inoculum.

Beware of thrips!

The current hot, dry weather can be conducive to outbreaks of thrips. Thrips are very small, slender, elongate, cigar-shaped insects, about 1 mm (1/25 inch) long. They differ from other insects by having thin strap-like wings that are fringed with hairs. The wings are usually folded lengthwise over the back when they are resting or feeding, as shown in the image below. They have asymmetrical mouthparts that have a well-developed left mandible and an underdeveloped right mandible. They feed by piercing plant cells by the mandible then sucking sap that oozes out of the punctured cells.

Smaller, tan thrips on left is the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). Larger yellowish thrips on the right is the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis).
Photo by Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Thrips generally have flowers as their preferred plant part but they also feed on leaves and fruits. They are found in flowers of many ornamental plants but also on various vegetables and fruit crops, including tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers. Thrips are often overlooked due to their small size and their tendency to hide in protected places. When present at low density, thrips are usually not harmful to crops, but when they reach higher density, they can feed on the surface of fruits and cause injury.

The thrips species that infests many outdoor crops is Frankliniella tritici, which has the official common name of ‘flower thrips’, but which is widely known as the eastern flower thrips. The thrips species that is most common in greenhouses is the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, which is generally much more difficult to control than other thrips because it is not highly susceptible to most insecticides. A third common species is the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), which is a serious pest of dry bulb onions and green onions as well as cabbage.

Natural enemies of thrips are Orius flower bugs, which are very small predatory true bugs that prey on thrips as adults and nymphs. Orius insidiosus is a common species in Ohio that is frequently found on the moist fresh silks of sweet corn and on flowers of Queen Anne’s lace. There are also several species of predatory mites that prey on thrips.

Insidious flower bug (Orius insidiosus) feeding on an insect egg.
Photo by John Ruberson, Kansas State University, Bugwood.org

 

Orius bug feeding on a thrips.
Photo by Robert Webster / xpda.com / CC-BY-SA-4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Thrips can be monitored by shaking flowers over a paper or into a cup or zip-top sandwich bag, which should then be examined for the dislodged thrips running around on the surface. Action thresholds have not been developed for most crops, but on strawberry we use a threshold of 2 thrips per flower.

In the past, pyrethroid insecticides provided control of thrips, but there are widespread observations that pyrethroids are no longer very effective for thrips control at most locations. Newer insecticides used to control thrips on conventional crops include Radiant, Assail, and several others, as shown in Table 1 below. Products for thrips control on organic crops include Entrust and various others as shown in Table 2 below.

If a biological control approach is preferred, natural enemies are available for purchase from commercial insectaries for thrips control: Orius (predatory flower bugs), and two species of predatory mites: Amblyseius cucumeris and Ambylseius swirskii. Beneficial nematodes such as Steinernema feltiae are another option. Microbial options include sprays of the beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana, which is found in several commercial products. Biocontrol is not feasible to begin once the thrips population is large but can be planned in advance at locations that have a consistent problem with thrips.

-Celeste Welty, Extension Entomologist

Cucurbit Downy Mildew is Spreading in Ohio Despite Hot Weather

Micrograph of a tape mount of spores and sporangiophores of the cucurbit downy mildew pathogen from cucumber leaves. Photo by Francesca Rotondo.

Downy mildew continues to spread in Ohio cucumbers despite the hot and mostly dry weather.  Frank Becker, OSU Extension Wayne County IPM Program Coordinator, brought cucumber leaves with downy mildew symptoms to to our Vegetable Pathology Lab on July 23 for confirmation. We do this by placing a piece of scotch tape on the underside of a leaf lesion then transferring to tape to a glass slide and looking for characteristic spores and sporangiophores (branched, threadlike structures that produce the spores) under a microscope. The samples came from commercial cucumber fields in Wooster and Apple Creek in Wayne County, and both were positive for downy mildew.

Cucurbit downy mildew as of July 24, 2020. cdm.ipmpipe.org.

Although we have confirmed reports in only Medina and Wayne counties, cucurbit downy mildew is likely present in most northern Ohio counties.  The map of downy mildew reports shows confirmed cases in Ontario, Michigan and western New York as well. All of these reports are from cucumbers; this clade, or strain of the pathogen affects cucumbers and cantaloupe, but not squash or pumpkins. We don’t expect downy mildew on squash and pumpkins until the other known clade, which has a broader host range, migrates to the Midwest from the Southeast.

Downy mildew in cucumber.

Fungicide recommendations are posted here.  If you suspect downy mildew in any cucurbit, please send us a sample.  This will help us track the disease and provide early warnings to growers to enable timely protection of cucurbit crops. Our diagnostic service is free to commercial growers in Ohio; gardeners may also send cucurbit downy mildew samples to us free of charge.  Instructions for sample submission are posted here.

 

Wayne County IPM Notes from July 12-July 18

Wayne County IPM Notes

Vegetable Pests

            Squash Bugs are starting to lay large numbers of egg masses on summer squash, gourds, and pumpkins. Large numbers of squash bugs feeding can cause leaves to yellow and eventually die which can significantly reduce yield.

Japanese beetles on summer squash. F. Becker photo.

Cucumber Beetles are feeding again, primarily on young, recently transplanted squash. This is a important time to work on control of cucumber beetle as with young plants, the cucumber beetles can cause severe damage, stunt the growth of the plant and may lead to plants going down later with bacterial wilt.

Potato Leaf Hoppers (PLH) still have very high populations in several crops this year. PLH cause “hopper burn” on the leaves on which they are feeding. I have seen this damage to potatoes and green beans.

Japanese beetles are feeding in basically every crop that I scout. Sweet corn growers should be especially wary of the Japanese Beetles feeding since one of their target areas on sweet corn is the silk. The beetles can clip the silks and affect the success of the pollination. More on Japanese beetles and other sweet corn pests.

Vegetable Diseases

            Downy Mildew has been confirmed, again, in Medina County. Cucumber growers should have started a spray program for the cucurbit downy mildew.

Powdery mildew is starting to show up on cucurbit crops around the area. If older plantings of summer squash are heavily infested and you are no longer harvesting from those areas, it would be of your best interest to terminate that crop so that you are not allowing the powdery mildew to have a place to thrive. This is especially important if you have younger, successive plantings of summer squash nearby.

Powdery mildew starting to show on summer squash. F. Becker photo.

Some field tomatoes are showing symptoms of early blight. Early blight is a common tomato disease and happens when soil is splashed up onto the older, lower leaves. If not treated, early blight can cause significant defoliation of a plant.

In melon patches, specifically in cantaloupe, there is some Alternaria leaf blight showing up. This disease primarily affects the foliage but if the infection is severe enough, it may also infect the fruit.

Although not technically a disease, blossom end rot is still affecting a lot of crops. This is technically a deficiency of calcium in the plant but not necessarily in the soil. The best way to attempt to prevent further issues is to have consistent moisture to the plant and provide an environment conducive to adequate nutrient uptake.

Fruit Pests

Grape berry moth larva feeding inside a grape. F. Becker photo.

I have started to see grape berry moth larvae feeding in grape clusters. Scouting grapes and carefully assessing the grape clusters can help you determine management needs. Infestations of grape berry moths are typically higher along the borders, and near woods or hedge lines as compared to the interior of the vineyard.

Spotted Wing Drosophila numbers are still increasing. The trap counts were up again this week, with all the traps being in blueberry patches.

Codling Moth and Oriental Fruit Moth trap counts were low again this week and showed very little activity.

I am still seeing red mites in apple orchards throughout the county. Feeding by large populations of red mites can cause leaves to “bronze” and when left uncontrolled, this heavy feeding could result in leaf drop and a reduced size and quality of the crop. This hot and dry weather has been ideal for the red mite populations to get established in orchards.

Japanese beetles are feeding across the spectrum of fruit crops that I am scouting. I have noticed heavy damage primarily occurring on ripe blueberries and on grape leaves. Left uncontrolled, the Japanese beetles can cause severe defoliation in grapes.

Fruit Diseases

            Alternaria leaf blotch can be found on some apple trees right now. This can be made worse by red mite infestations. With high populations of mites and the leaf blotch, severe defoliation can occur.

Apple and peach growers should continue their spray programs to manage fruit rots and diseases such as flyspeck and sooty blotch.

Grapes should be starting to get some color to them as the clusters are starting to increase in size. At this point, most varieties of grapes should be resistant to black rot. Growers with varieties of grapes that are not resistant to downy mildew should consider a spray program. Find more here on grape diseases.

Blossom End Rot of Peppers

 

Blossom end rot of bell pepper

The hot, dry weather of the last few weeks has been stressful for peppers, resulting in the appearance of blossom end rot, especially in early fruit sets. Blossom end rot is the result of plant stress brought on by periods of dry vs moist soil.  Calcium deficiency in the plant is the cause but applying calcium to the foliage won’t help.  Calcium is relatively insoluble and plants under stress can’t move it to flowers and developing fruit.  It is a vital component of plant cell walls and the matrix that holds the cells together. When fruits start to form without sufficient calcium the tissues soften and die.  Secondary molds often colonize the dead tissue.

Blossom end rot of bell pepper

Blossom end rot becomes less problematic with more consistent soil moisture and as the plants grow and develop their root systems.

Blossom end rot of bell pepper

Another fruit problem reported recently and related to hot, sunny weather is sunscald. Sunscald can appear similar to blossom end rot – it appears on the part of the fruit exposed to the sun.  Sunscald spots are tan in color, and eventually become dry and papery. There isn’t much that can be done about sunscald except to encourage good foliage coverage by appropriate fertilization.

Sunscald of bell pepper

Anthracnose also causes lesions on pepper fruit, but the disease is caused by a fungus dispersed by rainsplash (or overhead irrigation); it is less severe in dry than rainy weather.  This disease is managed by application of fungicides.

Thanks to Carri Jagger for the blossom end rot and sunscald photos.

Bacterial Disease Management in Vegetable Crops without Copper?

The 2020 vegetable growing season has been relatively hot and dry in most of Ohio, resulting in fewer reported serious outbreaks of bacterial diseases. However, circumstances can change and bacterial diseases may need to be managed. Unfortunately, options for bacterial disease management at the field stage are limited.

Bacterial spot on tomato fruit

Copper-based products, often paired with mancozeb or related products, have been the mainstay for bacterial disease management in vegetables for decades. Copper treatment is only partially effective under rainy conditions that favor bacterial diseases, when disease pressure is moderate to high. Further, research conducted in Ohio and other states has shown that copper resistance is widespread in the Xanthomonas bacteria that cause bacterial spot in tomatoes and peppers, rendering these products mostly ineffective. We are no longer recommending copper treatments for bacterial spot management in tomatoes or peppers.  We have less information about other bacterial pathogens but copper resistance is possible in other Xanthomonas species as well as other pathogens such as Pseudomonas and Clavibacter.

There are a few other options for bacterial disease management (see table below) that are grouped into roughly three categories: 1) plant resistance activators/inducers, 2) antimicrobials, and 3) bacteriophage. Keep in mind that none of these products fully control bacterial diseases under moderately to highly conducive conditions. In our research with bacterial spot of tomatoes, Actigard applications consistently reduced bacterial spot damage to foliage, although the incidence of fruit lesions was less consistently reduced and yield not improved compared to the non-treated control in small plot trials.  Actigard is labeled for bacterial disease management in brassicas, cucurbits, tomatoes and non-bell peppers. The other resistance inducers in this group have been shown to suppress bacterial diseases but there is inconsistency and lack of control under highly conducive conditions.

Products in the antimicrobials group also have been shown to suppress bacterial diseases, but again, results vary among trials and these products are not effective under highly conducive conditions. In our experience, under low to moderate disease pressure, disease severity is often significantly reduced compared to non-treated plants.  As a rule of thumb, the reduction in symptom severity ranges from about 25-40%. If these products are going to be used, they should definitely be applied preventatively to keep bacterial pathogen populations low.

Finally, AgriPhage is a product that contains antibacterial viruses (phage) that infect and kill specific bacterial pathogens. There are different mixtures of phage for different pathogens.  This product also must be applied early in an epidemic.

Product

Type Manufacturer Crops labeled

Plant Resistance Inducers

Actigard Plant activator Syngenta Bacterial diseases of brassicas, cucurbits, tomato, non-bell pepper
Regalia Plant (Reynoutria) extract, plant resistance inducer Marrone Bio Innovations Most vegetables
Taegro 2 Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 Novozymes BioAg Inc. Bacterial diseases of fruiting vegetables
Vacciplant Laminarin, plant defense stimulant UPL Fruiting vegetables, brassicas, leafy vegetables
Antimicrobials
Double Nickel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747 Certis USA Most vegetables
LifeGard WG Bacillus mycoides J Certis USA Most vegetables
Serifel

Serifel NG

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI600 BASF Most vegetables
Serenade ASO

Serenade Opti

Bacillus subtilis QST-713 Bayer CropScience Most vegetables
Stargus Bacillus amyloliquefaciens F727 Marrone Bio Innovations Most vegetables
Antibacterial Viruses
AgriPhage Antibacterial phage (type of virus) Certis USA Most vegetables

Given the inadequacies of these “rescue” treatments for bacterial disease management, proactive approaches should be undertaken:

  • Start with seeds tested for bacterial diseases; if not possible, treat seeds with hot water or dilute Clorox.
  • Create conditions during transplant production that discourage bacterial pathogen multiplication on plants – dry growing, good air circulation, low relative humidity.
  • Apply labeled antimicrobials (see Table) to seedlings in the greenhouse.
  • Sanitize transplant houses after seedlings are moved to the field.
  • Sanitize vehicles and equipment prior to transporting and transplanting seedlings.
  • Use new or sanitized stakes each season.
  • Sanitize pruning tools after each plant (tomatoes).
  • If possible remove and destroy diseased plants.
  • Practice regular crop rotation.

 

 

Worms in mid-summer sweet corn

Mid-July should be one of the easiest times to keep sweet corn ears free from caterpillar pests because none of the three key pest species are now abundant in Ohio, and many acres of grain corn are now silking and offering a good habitat to the few corn pests that are active. Once the large fields of grain corn are past the fresh-silk stage, then any plantings of late sweet corn will become very attractive to corn pests. We have had detection of some corn earworm moths but at low to moderate density. At present, we are between generations of European corn borer, but the moths of the new generation are likely to begin emerging in the next week or two.

However, the western bean cutworm is a 4th caterpillar species that is becoming a key pest of sweet corn, particularly in July and August, particularly in northwest Ohio. This is a key pest to look for over the next week. This pest is a caterpillar feeds on kernels of ears in both sweet corn and field corn. Feeding damage is usually at the tip end of the ear, but can be in the middle or butt end of the ear. There are often several western bean cutworm larvae in one ear, which makes it different than the corn earworm, that also feeds on kernels at the tip of the ear, but which typically is found as a single larva per ear. The newer BT sweet corn hybrids in the Attribute II series (from Syngenta) provide genetic control of the western bean cutworm, but BT sweet corn hybrids in the Performance series (from Seminis) and the older Attribute series (from Syngenta) do not control this pest. Pheromone traps detected the first activity of this moth this year during the week of 5 – 11 July in Sandusky, Champaign, and Clark Counties. Once the moths are detected, sweet corn fields should be scouted to monitor eggs and young larvae. Scouting should concentrate on plantings in the emerging-tassel stage. Look at 20 consecutive plants in each of 5 random locations per field. Examine the flag leaf (the leaf below the tassel), where eggs are usually laid. Eggs are laid in masses. Eggs are white when fresh, then they darken to purple when ready to hatch. Hatch will occur within 24-48 hours once eggs turn purple. Our tentative threshold for sweet corn is to consider treatment if eggs or larvae are found on more than 1% of plants for fresh-market or on more than 4% of plants for the processing market. Insecticide applications must occur after egg hatch, or after tassel emergence, but before larvae enter the ear. Pictures and additional details on western bean cutworm can be found in our OSU fact sheet: http://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/ENT-40 . Trap reports on western bean cutworm from several Ohio locations can be found using this link: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/10gh3rHahdxLKkXQapGyEPxWsjHYRmgsezOoFHnwtyEo/edit#gid=441280294

Corn earworm moths are present at low to moderate density as detected by pheromone traps at six Ohio locations; catch ranged from 0 to 11 moths per trap in the past week. This is slightly down from a few weeks ago when trap catch was 12-15 at some sites. The corn earworm moths will be laying their eggs on silks of sweet corn. Sweet corn can be protected from corn earworm infestation by insecticide sprays during silking. When the number of CEW moths caught in traps is moderate (1 to 13 moths per day, or 7 to 90 moths per week), then sprays should be applied every 4 days if the daily maximum temperatures is below 80 degrees F, or every 3 days if the daily maximum temperatures is above 80 degrees F. More information about trap-based spray schedules is available using this link: http://u.osu.edu/pestmanagement/crops/swcorn/ . Trap reports on corn earworm from several Ohio locations can be found using this link:  https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/10gh3rHahdxLKkXQapGyEPxWsjHYRmgsezOoFHnwtyEo/edit#gid=0

True armyworm moths are still more abundant than usual this year and remain a threat to young late-planted sweet corn. Young plantings should be scouted. Our threshold rule is to treat by spraying insecticide if 35% of plants are infested during seedling or early whorl stages. Trap counts for armyworm moths in Columbus can be found for pheromone traps : https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/10gh3rHahdxLKkXQapGyEPxWsjHYRmgsezOoFHnwtyEo/edit#gid=1122468773 , and daily counts for armyworm moths in a blacklight trap are shown here:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/10gh3rHahdxLKkXQapGyEPxWsjHYRmgsezOoFHnwtyEo/edit#gid=1114468121

 

-by Celeste Welty, Extension Entomologist

Colorado potato beetle control on potato, eggplant, and tomato

There are reports from Ohio farms that pyrethroid insecticides are no longer providing adequate control of Colorado potato beetles (CPB). Pyrethroids include Warrior, Baythroid, Brigade, Mustang Maxx, Asana, Pounce, and Ambush.

There are several newer insecticides that are effective for control of CPB populations, but most of these are best at killing the larvae rather than the adults of CPB. Products that provide good control of larvae are Agri-Mek (abamectin), Radiant (spinetoram), Coragen (chlorantraniliprole), Harvanta (cyclaniliprole), Rimon (novaluron), and Torac (tolfenpyrad).

A good biopesticide option for control of young larvae of CPB is Trident, which has Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis as the active ingredient. This is the same a.i. that was found in several products that are no longer readily available: Novodor and M-Trak. Trident is on the OMRI list of products allowed on organic crops. Other good options for control of CPB on organic crops are Entrust (spinosad) and azadirachtin products such as Aza-Direct, AzaGuard, Azatrol, Molt-X, and Neemix.

Among somewhat older insecticides, the neonicotinoids are still effective at most locations; these are listed in the table below. The neonicotinoids are generally more effective by soil application, which provide true systemic control, whereas application by foliar sprays provides translaminar control but not true systemic control throughout the plant. Some of the neonicotinoids are allowed only for soil applications, some for only foliar sprays, and some for either method. If used for soil application, usually at planting time, then later foliar applications are not allowed.

Table 1. Insecticides in the neonicotinoid group used for control of Colorado potato beetle on potato, eggplant, tomato, and peppers by soil or foliar application; ‘yes’ means allowed, ‘no’ means not allowed.

by Celeste Welty, Extension Entomologist