executive summary

Thesis:

General information about Brexit such as the background of Brexit: what is the European Union? when and why Brexit happens? and why hasn’t Brexit happened yet? and some comments about the effects of Brexit and the opinion of those manager.

Argument:

  1. Brexit means British exit, referring to the UK leaving the EU. The public vote was held on June 2016 to decide wether the UK should leave or remain and the result is 52% of support and 48% of against.
  2. The Brexit is still not happened yet because the Prime Minister Theresa May kicked off the negotiations.
  3. The reason for Parliament reject the Brexit deal is the backstop of no border posts or barriers between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after Brexit.

conclusion:

Brexit is a significant problem not only because of the reason for people to support Brexit, but also the result if Brexit really happens. The Parliament cannot decide it as soon as possible even though more than half British vote to leave. Until now, Brexit is still discussed but the effects of this event have influence people’s live.

draft of paper

Anhua Tu

12/11/19

Populism affect Brexit

Populism and Brexit

Nowadays, because of the prevalence of globalization and the advancement of information technology, the individual begins to pay close attention to the affair in other cities or countries instead of limiting to the event happened around them. In many countries, the focus of events is no longer limited to local citizens but extends globally. In addition, in some democratic-loving countries, it is the duty of every citizen to understand and participate in some national events, such as the participation of American citizens in the election of state managers and the British people participating in the vote to leave the European Union. One of the reasons why people are paying more attention to social events is because people start to value and enforce their rights and obligations. Humans try to express their thoughts through these rights. Increasing the number of incidents shows that people become to understand their rights deeply, and at the same time, the government has given more and more rights to the people. Many countries are no longer completely constrained by the government. One specific example is Brexit. In 2016, the UK referendum decision to leave the European Union, which is also called Brexit. The EU is an economic and political union involving 28 European countries. It allows free trade and free movement of people, to live and work in whichever country they choose. This event shocked the whole world because this decision was neither made by the parliament nor the national leaders, but by a vote of the British people, and undoubtedly, once this decision becomes a reality, it will have a huge change in the status quo in Britain and even change the pattern in Europe. Even though, until now, Britain has not completed the Brexit move, this action still has impressive impacts around the world.

Thus, here is a question: why the British have such large power to influence the decision even to make the decision? What kinds of the power behind those individuals? How that thing impact Britain even the world? The answer is populism. Populism is a political word refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of “the people” and often juxtapose this group against “the elite”. Generally speaking, populism is a group of politicians which represents people’s idea and try to achieve it. In the history of populism, it came from America and Europe referring to the group of farmers tried to control the radical behavior from local government. Because the rotten rule of government in the United States and Russia at the end of the 19th century, which hindered the development of productive forces and social progress, the first populists affirmed the ideas of the civilian population and actively promoted the civilian movement. Even after populism began to decline after 1920s, such political ideas still existed on the political stage. However, at the end of the 20th century, populism re-emerged in Eastern Europe and North America. Most people believe that all-important decisions about the country will be definitely made by the leader of the country and that is a part which ordinary individuals can not touch. However, it turns out that people’s idea plays an important role in some national events. In those countries, the civilian can affect the decision made by the leader, which also proves that the country is no longer completely controlled by the leader. Britain is a country where populism is developing very fast based on the background of European politics. Perhaps before Brexit, one could not imagine that the existence of people was so important to a country, which can affect the country to make a decision. The Brexit plan was first launched in 2013 by former British Prime Minister Cameron, but in the next three years, there was no substantial development. In June 2016, the UK opened a referendum and decided to leave the European Union. This is why the Brexit bill has been enforced for the next three years from 2016 to 2019. We all know that decisions made by a country should be based on the interests of the people, and the birth of populism is to represent the people. Therefore, people can affect the decision made by the country. However, does populism really represent people’s thoughts? Is the influence of populism on Brexit positive or negative? Is populism necessary or harmful for the development of a country? Those will be discussed later in the paper.

Why populism can affect the decision made by the country? “Populism is the label political elites attach to policies supported by ordinary citizens that they don’t like,” said American political scientist, Francis Fukuyama. Theoretically, populism is defined as a group of people putting extreme emphasis on the values and ideals of the civilian population, and making civilianization and popularization the ultimate source of legitimacy for all political movements and political systems. The government will rely on the civilian population to carry out radical reforms in society and regard the ordinary people as the sole determinant of political reform. It seems like populism is positive stuff because it represents the people’s idea and they can help civilians to achieve their purpose. However, that is not all about populism. On the surface, populism centers on the people, but actually lacks the concepts of individuals’ dignity and basic rights of citizens. Populists worship the people but have a contemptuous attitude towards the individual. Populists oppose authority with flags emphasizing civilian thinking but no one else can. Moreover, populist movements are often led by charismatic leaders and have little internal democracy and accountability. These leaders tend to develop personality cults and, when they come to power, they often turn authoritarian. Those problems will contribute to democracy deficit which is the government’s political governance and public opinion differ greatly, that is, the social system and management model constructed by senior managers are not supported by democracy if the populists do not achieve the idea of civilians. Its anti-elitism and extreme emphasis on the values and ideas of the civilian masses destined that populism could only be an ideological existence on the political stage, and could not become the mainstream development path. In the case of Brexit, populism’s role is to promote people’s emotions. With the idealized social performance after Brexit, populists are the backup of those supporters. To convince the British to support Brexit, the populists have proposed many benefits to be gained after Brexit. “Brexiteers argued that leaving the EU would result in an immediate cost-saving, as the country would no longer contribute to the EU budget”, said by The Week, “In 2016, Britain paid in 13.1 billion pounds, but it also received 4.5 billion pounds worth of spending, so the UK’s net contribution was 8.5 billion pound”. Even if European Union provides a free trade market for all EU countries, if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, it will still be able to become an independent economic entity, as the Singapore-style economy, without the EU’s containment and management. Moreover, leaving the European Union also means the United Kingdom can completely regain control of domestic affairs.

This picture shows the percentage of votes in favor of and against Brexit. It can be seen from the picture that even if the difference of percentage between the two sides is not very large, the number of people supporting the Brexit still has a big advantage.

Even though we cannot ignore the disadvantage of populism and its negative effect on Brexit, the original intention of populism is still positive. Due to the long-standing trouble of populism in Europe and the recent escalation of Brexit, the impact of populism has gradually increased and has become one of the most concerned political phenomena in Europe. “Populism seeks and thrills to the authentic voice of the people,” said George Packer in The NEW YORKER, “there are more examples of populists who, while failing to win the national election, extend the parameters of discourse and ultimately bring about important reforms”. When important concerns of the people are not addressed by the elites, the populist movements tend to form to challenge the establishment. Their ideas can rejuvenate democracy, bring new people into the political process, and adjust the political system to societal change. Relating to the reason that Brexit happened, the reason why populism is so popular in Britain is that more than half of British citizens choose to let Britain leave the EU, and populism chooses to unite with them. As everyone knows, the reason for Brexit happening is voting by the British.

Everything exists for a reason. Populism is a complicated concept not only because of its ups and downs but also because of its different influences in different backgrounds. Individuals cannot completely define a thing as good or bad. After discussion in the paper, one thing is certain: populism has indeed had a huge impact on Brexit. Meanwhile, we can learn the significance of people’s existence and ideas to a country.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

picture1: https://news.sky.com/story/what-happens-now-after-brexit-divorce-deal-defeat-11678167

Picture 2: https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results

Thomas Sampson. (2017). Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration. The Journal of Economic Perspectives31(4), 163. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.44425386&site=eds-live&scope=site

Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. (2019, October 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887.

Brexit: the pros and cons. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theweek.co.uk/brexit-0.

Lehne, S. (n.d.). Populism: The Risks and Impact on European States. Retrieved from https://carnegieeurope.eu/2017/06/06/populism-risks-and-impact-on-european-states-pub-71170.

Packer, G. (2019, July 9). The Pros and Cons of Populism. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/09/07/the-populists.

additional annotated bibliography

Brexit: the pros and cons. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theweek.co.uk/brexit-0.

This article I found on google by using the keyword: Brexit. The main point of this article is about the reason that Brexit happens and some results brought by Brexit. The reason I use this resource in my paper is that the reason for Brexit can help me to strengthen my argument which is populism has negative impacts on Brexit. It is a popular source on the website which is easy to understand and the date of publishment is very new.

Thomas Sampson. (2017). Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration. The Journal of Economic Perspectives31(4), 163. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.44425386&site=eds-live&scope=site

This journal I found it on the OSU library on the internet. The main point of this journal is about economic change in Britain after Brexit. The reason I found it to be my source is that there are some results of economic which influenced the economic situation in Britain. Those results can help me to complete the evidence for my argument. For the author of this journal,  Thomas Sampson is an associate professor of economics at Harvard University, and his key expertises are international trade and Brexit. The publish date for this journal closed to the year that Brexit happened.

Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. (2019, October 29). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887.

This article is a kind of new on the BBC on the internet. The main point of this new is about the general information of Brexit such as what is Brexit, what is the new Brexit deal, and why is the UK leaving, which can be the background information of my paper. The publishing year of the article is very new.

Argument

My first argument is people can affect the decision made by the country.

  1. people start to understand their rights on national events and are actively participating in national events. Many western countries give people very diverse rights. Like the United States, citizens have the right to vote. People can participate in national decision-making through the right granted by the state.
  2. populism is a group of politicians which represents people’s idea and try to achieve it. It is a political idea which means the central idea these politicians hold is to uphole civilian thought. This proves that state management is no longer biased toward elite decision making.
  3. people can always reflect the real situation of society. Populism is a powerful reserve force fo people, and it can maintain an innovative idea when society is stagnant.

my second argument is populism has negative effects on Brexit

  1. populism has its own blind worship. Such blind worship may cause populism to mislead the people, and there is no way to fully represent the people’s ideas. In the Brexit, populism may create an idealized future after Brexit which leads to accelerate the occurrence of Brexit and leaving the people without a more comprehensive consideration of this event.
  2. populism has contempt and distrust of elite and government leaders. These ideas can easily limit the direction and perspective of populism.

my third argument is populism has positive effects on Brexit

  1. populism represents the thinking of most people. In the event of Brexit, most people think that Britain should leave the EU. Populism has promoted the people’s emotions, causing the government to pay attention to this event.

Laura Fathauer’s presentation

Before listening to Laura Fathauer’s presentation, I had no idea about mashups and user-generated content. All the things I learn from social media is some application for entertainment such as Instagram, Facebook, and Wechat.  After Laura Fathauer’s presentation, I have some general ideas about the social media. She gave an example to use the google map allowing us to have a view about the old Columbus and the new one. Actually this will be helpful for my other courses such as architecture because we usually need to compare the old building to the new one.

Outline

my paper will mainly focus on the thesis: populism has large effects on Brexit.

In the introduction, there are few questions related to populism and Brexit such as what is populism? what is Brexit? and what is the influence of populism on Brexit and is that positive or negative.

My first argument will be the civilian can affect the decision made by the country. Most people believe that some important decision about the country will be definitely made by the leader of the country. However, the idea of civilians also has an important role in some affairs of the country. The group of people representing civilians is populism who has large effects on a country. (populism, example: Brexit, why populism has large effect)

My second argument will be populism has negative effects on Brexit. What is Brexit? Why Brexit will happen? The importance of Brexit (the effect of Brexit). The drawback of populism. The drawback of Brexit for Britain.

My third argument will be populism has positive effects on Brexit. The advantage of populism. The advantage of Brexit. Some example of populism which has a positive effect on the country.

conclusion.

 

The source I might use in my paper will be the reports about Brexit, some professional introduction about the concept I mentioned in the paper such as populism. I also will use some sources in which populism can affect the decision made by other countries.

TradeMark’s presentation

To be honest, after listening to the lecture, some of my original knowledge was subverted. First of all, regarding copyright, my understanding is limited to the writing class this summer. In my presentation in English 1110, the teachers asked as to provide some pictures to express our opinions and these pictures must have citations at the end of powerpoint. At that time I learned that copyright is the right of the owner of the work. When people use these works, they have to quote so as not to infringe upon the copyright of others. At the same time, I also better understand the difference between patent rights and copyrights. In addition, I learned what is copyleft which I never know before. He also relates those things to plagiarism to help us how to avoid that problem. This knowledge is tantamount to allowing me to find sources better when I am writing.

Annotated bibliography

The style is APA

Skach, C. (2008). Constitutional Democracy: Creating and Maintaining a Just Political Order * Principles of Constitutional Design. International Journal of Constitutional Law7(1), 175–181. doi: 10.1093/icon/mon020

This journal I found on google scholar on the internet. The main point discussed in this journal is the relationship between constitutions and democracy based on qualitative and quantitative data. The reason for me to choose this journal as one of my sources is that there are some fundamental information about constitutional democracy, explaining what is the constitutional democracy. Because my paper will touch the area of the constitutional democracy to describe the thesis clearly, the journal might provide some ideas for that.

DESMET, P., VAN SPANJE, J., & DE VREESE, C. (2015). Discussing the Democratic Deficit: Effects of Media and Interpersonal Communication on Satisfaction with Democracy in the European Union. International Journal of Communication (19328036)9, 3177–3198. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=110802620&site=eds-live&scope=site

This journal is found on the OSU library on the internet. I use the democratic deficit effect as the keyword to find something about that. This journal mainly talks about the effects of media and interpersonal communication on satisfaction with democracy in the European Union. Based on the democratic deficit in the European Union, the author generally describes the political situation in the EU and how the media affects European opinion. The reason I might use this resource is that it relates to the political situation in the EU in 2015 before the Brexit.

What Brexit Reveals About Rising Populism. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/interview/what-brexit-reveals-about-rising-populism.

This article is found on the internet which was the interview between James McBride ( interviewer) and Edward Alden (interviewee). I use the Brexit and populism as the keywords to find it. The background of this interview is the United Kindom’s vote to leave the EU. What hidden in it is the rise of a populism based on the desire to regain control of immigration and reclaim national sovereignty from international institutions. The article provides a general idea for the reader to understand what is populism and why the Brexit happened will due to the masses. The interview happened in 2016, the year that Brexit happened. So it is more related to the event.

Batel, S., & Devine-Wright, P. (2018). Populism, identities, and responses to energy infrastructures at different scales in the United Kingdom: A post-Brexit reflection. Energy Research & Social Science43, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.011

This academic journal is also based on a political event, Brexit, to discuss the rise in right-wing populism. It also discusses the importance of further exploring these ideas in energy social science research. I use populism and the United Kindom as the keywords to find it. I found it in the OSU library on the internet and the reason I find it is that it relates to the political environment in the EU and also the whole journal is based on specific data. The date of the journal is very close to the Brexit happened in the EU and also close to now.

Answer:

  1. what is the status of China all over the world?

China has already become the second-largest economy but still be a developing country.

2. what are the major exported products in China?

The labour-intensive products such as some mechanical and electrical products and staple products like crude oil and natural gas.

3. what kinds of trade does China have?

The merchandise trade and the trade-in financial assets

Thesis

My topic thesis will be:

The trade war between China and the USA has a big effect on the current situation of the economy in China.

My new topic thesis:

Populism has large effects on Brexit.