Further research..

Since Fromm-Reichmann’s essay many have further studied loneliness in all its facets.  Researchers have developed a more concise scientific definition for loneliness as well as potential causes and effects.  Loneliness has been defined as an unpleasant, distressing experience that when prolonged can jeopardize health (Peplau & Perlman).  It is the absence of imperative social relations and lack of affection in current relations (Peplau & Perlman).

Loneliness is caused by a precipitating event.  This includes any significant changes in one’s personal social relationships.  Examples include bereavement, divorce, and moving.

When prolonged for more than two years loneliness becomes chronic loneliness.  The effects of chronic loneliness have the potential to be very severe and carry many health risks.

It is also important to mention that loneliness is a completely subjective experience.  There are those that can be lonely in a crowd and there are those completely fulfilled on a mountaintop hundreds of miles from another human being.  Loneliness is dependent on an individual’s reliance on others for fulfillment.  People that rely more heavily on others for their individual needs will be more prone to loneliness.

 

Three Ways to Respond to Loneliness:

Sad passivity – Ruminating.  Accepting your fate as hopeless and refusing to attempt to get better.

Active solitude – Occupying the mind with routinized tasks.  Reading, writing, playing music, and exercise.

Social contact –  Seeking social groups and attempting to re-establish a sense of belonging.