Field Trip 2: Cedar Bog & Battelle Darby Metro Park

Cedar Bog

Our second field trip as a part of EEOB 2210 was to Cedar Bog (which is not a bog, but a fen), in Urbana, Ohio. This page serves as a reflection of the geobotany of the area, the swamp forest community, plants of individual assignment, and plants with high coefficients of conservatism.

Note that all original figures on this page were taken June 2nd, 2024, with an iPhone 13. Unfortunately, few of these pictures survived the trip – I ran out of cloud space on Google Photos while taking photos, but did not receive a notification that I had, and only some of the pictures were saved. Fortunately, I had been taking notes of the species, so while the pictures themselves may not have survived, I do know which ones we viewed and will provide images from other sources, as well as identification tips. Photographs that were taken by me at Cedar Bog will be noted as being original figures.

Geobotany

Cedar Bog, despite its’ misleading name, is actually a fen, known to host the greatest plant diversity of any area in Ohio, including 40% of the rare and endangered plant species in Ohio¹. Ice age glaciers flattened the landscape and pushed northern plant species south¹ around the bedrock end moraines before retreating². Sand and limestone gravel filled the space between these end moraines, allowing water to flow easily through it to the water table, creating a water-storing aquifer². At the lowest spot in the valley created by the Teays River, water was pushed up through the surface to create Cedar Bog².

The so-called “bog” is a fen because water enters the area as runoff from the end moraines, creating small streams which flush the fen of dead plants and peat, keeping the water relatively clear². This is opposed to true bogs, which do not flush into the water table and which is clogged with the aforementioned plant matter². This leads to the saying “bogs clog; fens flush².” The groundwater of these fens contains dissolved limestone, making the water akaline to neutral and clear². This alkalinity allows sedge growth², and the limestone allows for the growth of limestone-loving plants, such as those described in the Battelle-Darby section below. Additionally, this cold groundwater encourages the growth of the northern species deposited by the Ice Age glaciers². As such, Cedar Bog, despite being in west-central Ohio, has traits of more northern communities and characteristics of Ice Age habitats¹.

Swamp Forest Community

Swamp forests are forests that are inundated with freshwater either permanently, irregularly, or seasonally³. These areas may be “flushed” at varying intervals – as discussed before, fens have flowing water that stays clear and slightly higher pH², and thus these areas have plant groups dependent on the waters’ nutrients and clarity³. As a group, we observed many swamp forest plants, including those in the tree overstory, shrub layer, and ground cover layer.

Firstly, the species associated with the tree overstory include northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and American basswood (Tilia americana).

Northern white cedar (Figures 1.1 – 1.3) can be identified by their distinct, dense, conical shape^4(p4). Their coniferous leaves are flay sprays that appear scalelike^4(p43), laying in four rows around the twig^4(p25). Additionally, their cones are about 1/2″ long and shapes like a bell^4(p25).

Figure 1.1: Northern white cedar overall shape and form (5)

Figure 1.2: Northern white cedar leaves (6)

Figure 1.3: Northern white cedar fruits (7)

Tuliptree (Figures 2.1 – 2.3) can be identified from a distance by its’ upward-angled branches^4(p7). It has alternately-arranged, simple^4(p318), fan-lobed leaves, which are unique for their notched-tip shape^4(p203). The flowers are similar to that of a tulip, and are large, orange/yellow/green-colored^4(p203).

Figure 2.1: Tuliptree overall shape and form (8)

Figure 2.2 Tuliptree leaves (original figure)

American basswood (Figures 3.1 – 3.4) has simple, alternately arranged^4(p321), heart-shaped, fine-toothed^4(p207). The leaves are never lobed, and hairless flower stalks^4(p207), and have asymmetrical bases^4(p207). The bark is also dark and ridged, and the fruits are small nutlets beneath leaflets^4(p207).

Figure 3.1: American basswood overall shape and form (10)

Figure 3.2: American basswood leaves (original figure)

Figure 3.4: American basswood fruits (12)

Secondly, the species associated with the shrub layer include spicebush (Lindera benzoin), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and common winterberry (Ilex verticillata).

Spicebush (Figures 4.1 – 4.2) has alternatively arranged, simple, and entire leaves, as well as an unchambered pith^4(p353). The leaves are also elliptic and smell distinctly spicy when crushed^4(p271).

Figure 4.1: Spicebush overall shape and form (13)

Figure 4.2: Spicebush leaves and fruits (14)

Silky dogwood (Figures 5.1 – 5.2) has relative narrow, untoothed leaves, 3-5 pairs of veins following the edges to the tips^4(p107). The twigs and branchlets are a dull purple and silky^4(p107), and the flowers small, white, and in flat-topped clusters^4(p77).

Figure 5.1: Silky dogwood overall shape and form (15)

Figure 5.2: Silky dogwood leaves and flowers (original figure)

Common winterberry (Figures 6.1 – 6.2) has leaves that are opposite, simple, dull, and coarse-toothed^4(p357). The fruits are round and red, and appear September – October or later^4(p276). In some plants, there are hairs underneath and/or transparent spots visible with a hand lens^4(p276).

Figure 6.1: Common winterberry overall shape and form (16)

Figure 6.2: Common winterberry leaves and fruits (17)

Third, the species associated with the ground cover layer include skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), showy lady’s slipper (Cypripedium reginae), and cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea).

Skunk cabbage (Figures 7.1 – 7.2) can be identified by its; knob-clustered, egg-shaped flower “hood” in the early spring^18(p16). The plant also has a distinctly unpleasant smell when crushed^18(p16).

Figure 7.1: Skunk cabbage overall shape and form and leaves (19)

Showy lady’s slipper (Figures 8.1 – 8.2) can be identified by its’ white flower with an enlarged, hollow pouch lip coated in pink^18(p38). The leaves are broad, with prominent veins^18(p38).

Figure 8.1: Showy lady’s slipper overall shape and form (21)

Figure 8.2: Showy lady’s slipper flower (22)

Cinnamon fern (Figures 9.1 – 9.2) can be identified its’ holodimorphic fronds, no sorus/insidium, and a pinnate-pinnatified frond dissection type, with complete, lobed leaflets^23(p172). This particular fern is large and coarse, with clublike, pointed, cinnamon-colored fertile leaf and a taller, more erect sterile leaf^23(p7).

Figure 9.1: Cinnamon fern overall shape and form (original figure)

Figure 9.2: Cinnamon fern leaves (original figure, but taken at Deep Woods Farm)

Individual Assignment

My individual assignment was to find two Viburnum species. This assignment was provided only after arriving at Battelle-Darby, and thus, there were no plants to report at Cedar Bog. For more information on these species, see below in the Battelle-Darby section.

Plants with high Coefficients of Conservatism

A “coefficient of conservatism” is a value assigned to an individual plant species, which estimates the degree to which a species is associated with specific, non-generalized communities in high-quality environments². This “CC” is on a scale of 0 (extremely generalized) to 10 (extremely specialized)², making up the Ohio Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI)². Notably, several plants at the specialized Cedar Bog rated especially conservative in terms of FQAI. Showy lady’s slipper (Figures 8.1 – 8.2) is one example of this, as well as four other examples, including: shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), swamp birch (Betula pumila), and poison sumac (Rhus vernix).

Shrubby cinquefoil (Figures 10.1 – 10.2) is a low shrub species with alternate, once-compound leaves^4(p¹⁶⁴⁾ and shreddy bark^4(p¹⁴³⁾. Its flowers are yellow, about 3/4″ wide, and has lance-shaped leaflets^18(p316). This plant has a CC of 10, indicating a narrow ecological tolerance and high habitat fidelity².

Figure 10.1: Shrubby cinquefoil overall shape and form (24)

Figure 10.2: Shrubby cinquefoil flower (25)

Round-leaved sundew (Figure 11.1 – 11.2) is a stalked, insectivorous flower that exudes a dewlike fluid to capture insects^18(p174). It has round leaves covered with small, red hairs, and one-sided white raceme flowers^18(p174). This plant has a CC of 7, indicating a narrow ecological tolerance in a stable “climax” community².

Figure 11.1: Round-leaved sundew overall shape and form (26)

Figure 11.2: Round-leaved sundew leaf (27)

Swamp birch dwarf subgroup (Figure 12.1 – 12.2) is a shrubby tree with simple, alternate, stalked, single-toothed, unpointed leaves^4(p339). The twigs are hairy, not warty, and the broken twigs do not have an odor of wintergreen^4(p339). This plant has a CC of 10, indicating a narrow ecological tolerance and high habitat fidelity².

Figure 12.1: Swamp birch overall shape and form (original figure)

Poison sumac (Figure 13.1 – 13.2) is a shrub or small tree with large leaves with 7 – 13 pointed, not toothed leaflets^4(p134). The midribs are not winged, and the twigs are practically hairless, with crescent-shaped buds^4(p157). This plant has a CC of 7, indicating a narrow ecological tolerance in a stable “climax” community².

Figure 13.1: Poison sumac overall shape and form (29)

Figure 13.2: Poison sumac leaves and fruits (30)

Additionally, we saw two ash species: black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica).

Black ash ( Figures 14.1 – 14.3) is a tree with unstalked, opposite, pinnately compound leaves, with 7 – 11 leaflets^4(p61). The twigs are round and mostly dull, with blackish buds^4(p61). This plant has a CC of 7, indicating a narrow ecological tolerance in a stable “climax” community².

Figure 14.1: Black ash overall shape and form (31)

Green ash (Figures 15.1 – 15.3) is a tree with stalked, opposite, pinnately compound leaves, with 5 – 9 leaflets^4(p61). The twigs are round and mostly glossy, with brownishbuds^4(p61). This plant has a CC of 3, indicating an intermediate ecological tolerance in a stable community, but with some disturbance².

Figure 15.1: Green ash overall shape and form (34)

Figure 15.2: Green ash leaves and fruit (35)

Figure 15.3: Green ash leaf scar (left) (36)

Battelle Darby Metro Park

Our second field trip as a part of EEOB 2210 also included a stop at Battelle Darby Metro Park, in Galloway, Ohio. This page serves as a reflection of the mesic forest community, limestone-loving plants, and plants of individual assignment.

Mesic Forest Community

Mesic forests are forests in which hardwoods grow; they typically have cool, moderately moist soils and species tolerant of dense shade, often having a more sparse understory³⁷. As a group, we observed many mesic forest plants, including those in the tree overstory, shrub layer, and ground cover layer.

Firstly, the species associated with the tree overstory include redbud (Cercis canadensis), shagbark hickory (Carya ovaya), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum).

Redbud (Figures 16.1 – 16.3) has simple, alternate, stalked leaves^4(p321). The leaves are heart-shaped, hairless or slightly hairy^4(p208), with even leaf bases and false end buds on the twigs^4(p321). The flowers are a showy reddish-pink that appear before the leaves^4(p208).

Figure 16.1: Redbud overall shape and form (original figure)

Shagbark hickory (Figures 17.1 – 17.4) is a tall tree with 5 – 7 hairless^4(p139), alternate, pinnately compound leaflets^4(p161), The twigs are stout, red-brown, and either slightly hairy or shiny^4(p140). The bark is lightly-colored, and has shaggy, long strips^4(p140). The fruits are egg-shaped and four-angled, the husk yellow and splitting into fourths^4(p140).

Figure 17.1: Shagbark hickory overall shape and form (40)

Figure 17.2: Shagbark hickory leaves (41)

Figure 17.4: Shagbark hickory fruit (43)

Sugar maple (Figures 18.1 – 18.4) has a short stem, and an egg-shaped head^4(p6). The leaves are alternate, simple, and five-lobed, with relatively deep notches between lobes^4(p97). The leaf undersides are hairless, but pale green^4(p97). The bark is dark brown, with rough vertical markings^4(p97).

Figure 18.1: Sugar maple overall shape and form (44)

Secondly, the species associated with the shrub layer include fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica), American fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), and pawpaw (Asimina triloba).

Fragrant sumac (Figures 19.1 – 19.2) is a shrub or vine with alternate, trifoliate leaves^4(p155). It has no aerial rootlets when climbing, and has round, obvious leaf scars and red fruits^4(p155).

Figure 19.1: Fragrant sumac overall shape and form(48)

American fly honeysuckle (Figures 20.1 – 20.2) is a shrub with simple, opposite leaves that are hairy-fringed^4(p105). The berries are red, and the branchlets have a white pith^4(p105). The lower bud scales are also lower than the bud itself^4(p105).

Figure 20.1: American fly honeysuckle overall shape and form(50)

Figure 20.2: American fly honeysuckle leaves and fruits(51)

Pawpaw (Figures 21.1 – 21.2) is a shrub and small tree that has large, toothless^4(p269), simple, and alternate leaves^4(p353). The pith is frequently chambered, and the end buds are without scales, dark, and woolly^4(p353). The flowers are large and purple, and the fruits are large, fleshy, and green^4(p270).

Figure 21.1: Pawpaw overall shape and form (52)

Third, the species associated with the ground cover layer include false Solomon’s seal (Smilacina racemosa), ramps (Allium tricoccum), and mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum).

False Solomon’s seal (Figures 22.1 – 22.2) has small, white flowers in racemes^18(p346). The leaves are oblong, with no basal leaves, and the stem arching^18(p346). The fruit is a speckled or striped, greenish berry, which turns a dull red color^18(p346).

Figure 22.1: False Solomon’s seal overall shape and form (54)

Figure 22.2: False Solomon’s seal leaves and flowers (55)

Ramps (Figures 23.1 – 23.2) have no apparent leaves at flowering time, but appear as white umbels topping a naked stalk^18(p332). The leaves are otherwise elliptical^18(p332).

Figure 23.1: Ramps overall shape and form (56)

Mayapple (Figures 24.1 – 24.2) has two large, deeply cleft leaves, beneath which a single white flower grows^18(p354). When it is not flowering, the plant has a single leaf. The fruits are yellow and lemon-shaped^18(p354).

Figure 24.1: Mayapple overall shape and form (58)

Limestone-Loving Plants

Some species of plants have a distribution limited to soils high in lime and clay, largely deposited by glaciers in the northeastern sections of the Ohio⁶⁰. Five examples of these species we saw included redbud (Figures 16.1 – 16.3), chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana)⁶⁰.

Chinquapin oak (Figures 25.1 – 25.2) has simple, alternate leaves with sharp teeth in 8 – 13 pairs^4(p329). The bark is gray, and often flaky, but not ridged^4(p220).

Figure 25.1: Chinquapin oak overall shape an form (61)

Blue ash (Figures 26.1 – 26.2) has opposite, pinnately compound leaves with 7 – 11 stalked, always toothed, leaflets^4(p61). The bark is scaly, and the twigs square and four-lined, and a leaf scar that is not deeply notched^4(p61). The fruits are samaras with broad, square tips^4(p50).

Figure 26.1: Blue ash overall shape and form (63)

Common hackberry (27.1 – 27.3) has simple, alternate leaves which are toothed, never lobed, feel sandpapery above, and not hairy beneath^4(p321). The bark is light grey, with warty knots^4(p209).

Figure 27.1: Common hackberry overall shape and form (66)

Figure 27.2: Common hackberry leaves (67)

Eastern red cedar (28.1 – 28.2) is a tree with a short stem and conical head^4(p4). It has both scalelike and three-sided, needlelike foliage^4(p43). The needles are mostly opposite, and enirely green, with branchlets covered in scales and four-sided^4(p43). The fruits are globular and hard, with whitish- to blackish-green berries, and the bark is shreddy^4(p26).

Figure 28.1: Eastern red cedar overall shape and form (69)

Individual Assignment

I was given the individual assignment to find two Viburnum species. For this, I found onrthern arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum) and nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), and as a “bonus,” I also found smooth blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium).

Northern arrowwood (Figures 29.1 – 29.2) is a shrub with opposite, simple leaves, hairless or slightly hairy beneath, with 4-22 pairs of teeth, and a slightly rounded or heart-shaped lead base^4(p119). The twigs are hairless^4(p119). The name of this shrub is said to come from the fact that Indigenous peoples used the stem to make arrows⁷¹.

Figure 29.1: Northern arrowwood overall shape and form (72)

Figure 29.2: Northern arrowwood leaves and flowers (73)

Nannyberry (Figures 30.1 – 30.2) is a shrub with simple, opposite leaves, with long-pointed leaf tips^4(p117). The twigs are long and flexible, and the flower buds large and covered in scales^4(p117). This plant has reportedly been beneficial for measles, painful urination, and irregular menstruation⁷⁴.

Figure 30.1: Nannyberry overall shape and form (75)

Figure 30.2: Nannyberry leaves and flowers (76)

Smooth blackhaw (Figures 31.1 – 31.2) is a shrub with simple, opposite leaves, which are dull above, and never hairy beneath^4(p117). The twigs are powdery or brown-hairy, and the stalks of the upper leaves are not winged and hairless^4(p117). This shrub is high in nectar content, making it a favorite of butterflies, bees, and other pollinators, and it can be pruned into a crabapple tree-like shape⁷⁷.

Figure 31.1: Smooth blackhaw overall shape and form (78)

Figure 31.2: Smooth blackhaw leaves and flowers (79)

References

Vonada, D. (n.d.). Discover the natural wonders of Cedar Bog. Ohio History Connection. https://historicsites.ohiohistory.org/cedarbog/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Ohio plants field experience. The Ohio State University. https://u.osu.edu/ohioplants/
Bada, O. (2018, December 14). Freshwater swamp forests – forest types around the world. WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-freshwater-swamp-forest.html
Petrides, G. A. (1972). A field guide to trees and shrubs of northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada (Ser. Peterson Field Guide). Houghton Mifflin.
Dziuk, P. M. (2004). White cedar tree [Photograph]. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/white-cedar#lboxg-7
Kent, T. H. (2016). Thuja occidentalis L. [Photograph]. https://florafinder.org/Species/Thuja_occidentalis.php
Lovit, M. (2024). Fruits: Thuja occidentalis [Photograph]. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/thuja/occidentalis/
Arbor Day Foundation (n.d.). Tuliptree [Photograph]. https://shop.arborday.org/tuliptree
Egelkraut, N. G. (n.d.). Blooming tulip tree [Photograph]. https://www.fanartreview.com/displaystory.jsp?id=549229
Utah State University Extension (n.d.). Basswood, American or American Linden [Photograph]. https://extension.usu.edu/treebrowser/catalog/basswood-american-linden#lg=329826_0&slide=0
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). American basswood trunk [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/american-basswood/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). American basswood fruits in mid-August [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/american-basswood/
Hudson, W. A. (n.d.). Form [Photograph]. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lindera-benzoin/
Beziat, M. (n.d.). Fruits [Photograph]. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lindera-benzoin/
The Morton Arboretum (n.d.). Cornus amomum [Photograph]. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/silky-dogwood/
Nelson, K. (n.d.). Common winterberry [Photograph]. http://minnesotaseasons.com/Plants/common_winterberry.html
Katovich, S. (2018). Common winterberry [Photograph]. https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5582526
Newcomb, L. (1977). Newcomb’s wildflower guide. Little, Brown and Company.
Ramsey, D. (n.d.). Foliage [Photograph]. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/symplocarpus-foetidus/
Alpsdake (n.d.). Symplocarpus foetidus [Photograph]. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/symplocarpus-foetidus/
ezz_eddie (2012). Showy Lady’s Slipper [Photography]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ezz_eddie/
Distad, R. (2019). Pink and white showy lady’s slipper [Photograph]. https://pixels.com/featured/pink-and-white-showy-ladys-slipper-roxanne-distad.html
Cobb, B. (1963). A Field Guide to the Ferns (Ser. Peterson Field Guide). Houghton Mifflin.
Cedar Break National Monument (2017). Shrubby cinquefoil bush with yellow flowers [Photograph]. https://www.nps.gov/cebr/learn/nature/shrubby-cinquefoil.htm
Authentic Wisconsin (2020). Shrubby cinquefoil next to UW Arbortetum visitors center [Photograph]. https://www.authenticwisconsin.com/shrubby_cinquefoil.html
John (2017). Round-leaved sundew plant [Photograph]. https://heartwoodpress.blogspot.com/2017/07/7-7-round-leaved-sundews.html
Ford, M. (n.d.). Round-leaved sundew [Photograph]. https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/meet-3-cool-seeds-we%E2%80%99re-helping-save
Haines, A. (2024). Leaves: Betula pumila [Photograph]. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/betula/pumila/
Miller, J. H., & Bodner, T. (n.d.). poison-sumac [Photograph]. https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1120446
Fookes, C. (2020). Poison sumac vs. staghorn sumac: The major differences [Photograph]. https://www.medicine.com/condition/poison-sumac
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Habitat [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/black-ash
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Leaves – Spring [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/black-ash
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Bud [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/black-ash
eCrater (n.d.). Green ash [Photograph]. https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fs.ecrater.com%2Fstores%2F430830%2F5cfb3d5807a73_430830b.jpg&f=1&nofb=1&ipt=dfca473f95926e27966beaa03fd81807360193c82dab07e2ee6a7b557d3eb34a&ipo=images
Klips, R. A. (2007). Green ash with samaras [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/green-ash/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Ash times two [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/green-ash/
Sargent, M. S. & Carter, K. S. (1999, November 9). Managing Michigan wildlife: A landowners guide. Private Land Partnerships. https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/landowners_guide/Habitat_Mgmt/Forest/Mesic_Hardwoods.htm
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Redbud leaves are alternate, entire-margined, with a pleasing cordate shape [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/redbud/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Redbud stands out when it is in flower [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/redbud/
Marlin (n.d.). Shagbark hickory [Photograph]. https://sylvangardenslandscape.com/plant-profile/shagbark-hickory-plant-profile/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Shagbark hickory has large 5-parted leaves [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/shagbark-hickory/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). The eponymous shaggy bark of shagbark hickory [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/shagbark-hickory/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Shagbark hickory nut [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/shagbark-hickory/
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Habit [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/sugar-maple
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Leaves – summer [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/sugar-maple
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Sugar maple in woodland with grape vine [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/sugar-maple/
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Fruit [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/sugar-maple
Natural Communities (n.d.). Rhus aromatica [Photograph]. https://naturalcommunities.net/collections/rabbit-resistant-plants/products/rhus-aromatica-fragrant-sumac
Hagstrom, J. (n.d.). Rhus aromatica ‘gro-low’ [Photograph]. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/fragrant-sumac/
Fewless, G. (2005). Plant [Photograph]. https://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity-old/herbarium/shrubs/loncan01.htm
JackPine (2011). Oak woods at south end of Beaufort Avenue [Photograph]. https://versicolor.ca/nswfsOLDsite/species/Caprifoliaceae/LonCanadensis/species.html
Matthews, E. (2021). Pawpaw trees in the forest understory [Photography]. https://home.nps.gov/articles/pawpaw.htm
Harms, B. (2011). Leaves of pawpaw growing in Anne Arundel Co., Maryland [Photograph]. https://www.marylandbiodiversity.com/view/1592
Benda, C. D. (2024). Smilacina racemosa [Photograph]. https://illinoisbotanizer.com/plants/smilacina-racemosa/
Farmer Gracy (n.d.). Smilacina racemosa [Photograph]. https://www.farmergracy.co.uk/products/smilacina-racemosa-bare-roots-uk
Missouri Wildflowers Nusery (n.d.). Allium tricoccum [Photograph]. https://mowildflowers.net/allium-tricoccum-wild-leek/
Dziuk, P. M. (2006). Allium tricoccum [Photograph]. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-leek
Klooster, W. (2018). Mayapple [Photograph]. https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5486232
Pearce, J. (2013). May apple [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jwpearce/9521485209/
Forsyth, J. L. (1971). Linking Geology and Botany: … a new approach. The Explorer, 13(3).
Hagstrom, J. (n.d.). Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm [Photograph]. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/chinkapin-oak/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Chinquapin oak acorns take one seasons to develop [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/chinquapin-oak/
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Habit [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/blue-ash
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Blue ash has an appropriate specific ephithet, “quadrangulata” [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/blue-ash/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Blue ash twig [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/blue-ash/
Wilkins, V. (2018). Common hackberry [Photograph]. https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5581800
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Hackberry leaves are strongly unequal-sided at base [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/hackberry/
Klips, R. A. (n.d.). Hackberry bark [Photograph]. https://dendro.ohioplants.org/hackberry/
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Habit [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/eastern-redcedar
Purdue University Fort Wayne (n.d.). Fruit [Photograph]. https://www.pfw.edu/microsites/native-trees/eastern-redcedar
The Urban Forestry Outreach Nursery & Lab (n.d.). Arrowwood – Viburnum dentatum. University of Minnesota. https://trees.umn.edu/arrowwood-viburnum-dentatum
Kolenut, M. (2017). Chicago lustre viburnum [Photograph]. https://lincolnlandscapinginc.com/chicago-lustre-viburnums/
Basile, S. (2022). Northern arrowwood [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/corvid01/52113137352/
Sylvia (2021). Facts about nannyberry – Viburnum lentago. HealthBenefits. https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/nannyberry/
NetPS Plant Finder (n.d.). Nannyberry in bloom. Eagle Lake Nurseries Ltd. https://search.eaglelakenurseries.com/11050003/Plant/498/Nannyberry
pverdonk (2010). Nannyberry [Photograph]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/per_verdonk/4631381263/
Gardenia (n.d.). Viburnum prunifolium. https://www.gardenia.net/plant/viburnum-prunifolium-blackhaw
Plant it Wild (2024). Full plant [Photograph]. https://plantitwild.net/native-plants/plants-we-use/shrubs/blackhaw-viburnum/
Haines, A. (2024). Flowers: Viburnum prunifolium [Photograph]. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/prunifolium/