Next up is the Redundancy Principle. This principle suggests that people learn best with narration and graphics, as opposed to narration, graphics, and text. The theory here is that if you already have narration and graphics, then the text on top is just redundant information. And this can be overwhelming for a learner.
Putting the Redundancy Principle into practice:
You can use this principle for videos or eLearning courses that have narrated audio. Try to only include graphics or text, but not both together. Or if they are together, make the text minimal.
From a learning perspective, many people prefer to also read text on screen; closed captioning is a good way to incorporate that option into a multimedia object, if the object allows for that.