Book Chapters
- S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman, “Chapter 14: III-V Solar Cells on Silicon” in III-V Compound Semiconductors: Integration with Silicon-Based Microelectronics, edited by T. Li, M. Mastro, A. Dadgar (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011).
Journal Articles and Proceedings
- C. M. Jackson, A. R. Arehart, T. J. Grassman, B. McSkimming, J. S. Speck and S. A. Ringel, “Impact of Surface Treatment on Interface States of ALD Al2O3/GaN Interfaces,” ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 6(8), P489 (2017).
- J. I. Deitz, P. K. Paul, S. Karki, S. Marsillac, A. R. Arehart, T. J. Grassman and D. W. McComb, “Detecting Sub Bandgap Energies in CIGS with Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 23(S1), 1546 (2017).
- J. Demuth, E. Fahrenkrug, L. Ma, T. Shodiya, J. I. Deitz, T. J. Grassman, and S. Maldonado, “Electrochemical Liquid Phase Epitaxy (ec-LPE): A New Methodology for the Synthesis of Crystalline Group IV Semiconductor Epifilms,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 139(20), 6960 (2017).
- S. Karki, P. K. Paul, G. Rajan, T. Ashrafee, K. Aryal, P. Pradhan, R. W. Collins, A. Rockett, T. J. Grassman, S. A. Ringel, A. R. Arehart and S. Marsillac, “In Situ and Ex Situ Investigations of KF Postdeposition Treatment Effects on CIGS Solar Cells,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 7(2), 665 (2017).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, M. D. Graef, D. W. McComb, and T. J. Grassman, “Characterization of encapsulated quantum dots via electron channeling contrast imaging,” Applied Physics Letters 109(6), 062101 (2016).
- R. M. France, F. Dimroth, T. J. Grassman and R. R. King, “Metamorphic epitaxy for multijunction solar cells,” MRS Bulletin 41(3), 202 (2016).
- T. J. Grassman, D. J. Chmielewski, S. D. Carnevale, J. A. Carlin and S. A. Ringel, “GaAs0.75P0.25/Si Dual-Junction Solar Cells Grown by MBE and MOCVD,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6(1), 326 (2016).
- J. I. Deitz, D. W. McComb and T. J. Grassman, “Advancement of Heteroepitaxial III-V/Si Thin Films through Defect Characterization,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 22(S3), 1538 (2016).
- J. I. Deitz, T. J. Grassman and D. W. McComb, “Accessing High Spatial Resolution Low-Loss EELS Information without Cerenkov Radiation,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 22(S3), 976 (2016).
- T. J. Grassman, D. J. Chmielewski, J. A. Carlin and S. A. Ringel, “Development of epitaxial 2- and 3-junction III-V/Si solar cells,” 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2036-2039 (2016).
- D. J. Chmielewski, K. Galiano, P. Paul, D. Cardwell, S. Carnevale, J. A. Carlin, A. R. Arehart, T. J. Grassman and S. A. Ringel, “Comparative study of 2.05 eV AlGaInP and metamorphic GaInP materials and solar cells grown by MBE and MOCVD,” 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 3411-3414 (2016).
- J. I. Deitz, D. W. McComb and T. J. Grassman, “Probing the electronic structure at the heterovalent GaP/Si interface using electron energy-loss spectroscopy,” 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1545-1548 (2016).
- P. K. Paul, K. Aryal, S. Marsillac, T. J. Grassman, S. A. Ringel and A. R. Arehart, “Identifying the source of reduced performance in 1-stage-grown Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells,” 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 3641-3644 (2016)
- E. García-Tabarés, J. A. Carlin, T. J. Grassman, D. Martín, I. Rey-Stolle and S. A. Ringel, “Evolution of silicon bulk lifetime during III–V-on-Si multijunction solar cell epitaxial growth,” Progress in Photovoltaics 24(5), 634 (2016).
- A. T. M. G. Sarwar, B. J. May, J. I. Deitz, T. J. Grassman, D. W. McComb and R. C. Myers, “Tunnel junction enhanced nanowire ultraviolet light emitting diodes,” Applied Physics Letters 107(10), 101103 (2015).
- P. K. Paul, D. W. Cardwell, C. M. Jackson, K. Galiano, K. Aryal, J. P. Pelz, S. Marsillac, S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman and A. R. Arehart, “Direct nm-Scale Spatial Mapping of Traps in CIGS,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5(5), 1482 (2015).
- I. A. Mansouri, S. Bremner, A. Ho-Baillie, H. Mehrvarz, X. Hao, G. Conibeer, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, A. Haas, S. A. Ringel and M. A. Green, “Designing Bottom Silicon Solar Cells for Multijunction Devices,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5(2), 683 (2015).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, S. A. Ringel, D. W. McComb, T. J. Grassman, “Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization,” Journal of Visualized Experiments (101), e52745 (2015).
- S. D. Carnevale, J. I. Deitz, J. A. Carlin, Y. N. Picard, M. De Graef, S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman, “Applications of Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for the Rapid Characterization of Extended Defects in III-V/Si Heterostructures,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 5(2), 676 (2015).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, D. W. McComb, S. A. Ringel and T. J. Grassman, “Novel Applications of Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 21(S3), 1897 (2015).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, D. W. McComb, S. A. Ringel and T. J. Grassman, “Site-Specific TEM Specimen Preparation of Samples with Sub-Surface Features,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 21(S3), 2157 (2015).
- D. W. Cardwell, N. R. Vaughn, P. Paul, C. Ratcliff, D. J. Chmielewski, S. D. Carnevale, A. R. Arehart, T. J. Grassman, S. A. Ringel, “Investigations of Metamorphic (Al)GaInP for III-V Multijunction Photovoltaics,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7355656 (2015).
- D. J. Chmielewski, S. D. Carnevale, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, S. A. Ringel, “High-Performance Metamorphic Tunnel Junctions for III-V/Si Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7356382 (2015).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, S. A. Ringel, D. W. McComb, T. J. Grassman, “Extending Characterization Applications of Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7356198 (2015).
- E. Garcia-Tabares, T. J. Grassman, D. Martin, J. Carlin, I. Rey-Stolle and S. A. Ringel, “Evolution of the silicon bottom cell photovoltaic behavior during III-V on Si multi-junction solar cells production,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7356380 (2015).
- T. J. Grassman, D. J. Chmielewski, S. D. Carnevale, J. A. Carlin and S. A. Ringel, “GaAsP/Si dual-junction solar cells grown by MBE and MOCVD,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7356384 (2015).
- P. K. Paul, D. W. Cardwell, C. M. Jackson, K. Galiano, K. Aryal, J. P. Pelz, S. Marsillac, S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman and A. R. Arehart, “Direct nm-scale spatial mapping of traps in CIGS,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, 10.1109/pvsc.2015.7355656 (2015).
- J. I. Deitz, S. D. Carnevale, M. De Graef, Y. N. Picard, S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman, D. W. McComb, “Using Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Misfit Dislocation Characterization in Heteroepitaxial III-V/Si Thin Films,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 20(S3), 552-553 (2014).
- T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, S. D. Carnevale, I. A. Mansouri, H. Mehrvarz, S. Bremner, A. Ho-Baillie, E. Garcia-Tabares, I. Rey-Stolle, M. A. Green and S. A. Ringe, “Progress toward a Si-plus architecture: epitaxially-integrable Si sub-cells for III-V/Si multijunction photovoltaics,” 40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 10.1109/PVSC-Vol2.2014.7588253 (2014).
- D. J. Chmielewski, T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, J. A. Carlin, A. J. Speelman, S. A. Ringel, “Metamorphic GaAsP Tunnel Junctions for High Efficiency III-V/IV Multijunction Solar Cell Technology,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 4(5), 1301 (2014).
- S. D. Carnevale, J. I. Deitz, J. A. Carlin, Y.N. Picard, M. De Graef, S. A. Ringel, T. J. Grassman, “Rapid Misfit Dislocation Characterization in Heteroepitaxial III-V/Si Thin Films by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging,” Applied Physics Letters 104(23), 232111 (2014).
- T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, B. Galiana, F. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “MOCVD-Grown GaP/Si Subcells for Integrated III-V/Si Multijunction Photovoltaics,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 4(3), 972 (2014).
- C. Ratcliff, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, D. J. Chmielewski, S. A. Ringel, “Ga-rich GaxIn1-xP solar cells on Si with 1.95 eV bandgap for ideal III-V/Si photovoltaics,” SPIE 8981: Physics, Simulation, and Photonic Engineering of Photovoltaic Devices III, 898118 (2014).
- M. A. Green, X. Hao, S. Bremner, G. J. Conibeer, I. A. Mansouri, N. Song, Z. Liu, S. A. Ringel, J. A. Carlin, T. J. Grassman, B. Galiana, A. M. Carlin, C. Ratcliff, D. Chmielewski, L. Yang, M. J. Mills, G. Teeter, M. Young, “Silicon Wafer-Based Tandem Cells: The Ultimate Photovoltaic Solution?,” Proc. 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 7 (2013).
- T. J. Grassman, D. B. Shah, J. A. Carlin, S. A. Ringel, “Exploration of Epitaxial Quantum Dots within Wide Band Gap Metamorphic Host Materials for Intermediate Band Solar Cells,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 0284 (2013).
- T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, C. Ratcliff, D. J. Chmielewski, S. A. Ringel, “Epitaxially-Grown Metamorphic GaAsP/Si Dual-Junction Solar Cells,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 0149 (2013).
- D. J. Chmielewski, T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, C. Ratcliff, S. A. Ringel, “Metamorphic Tunnel Junctions for High Efficiency III-V/IV Multi-Junction Solar Cell Technology,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 0882 (2013).
- S. A. Ringel, J. A. Carlin, T. J. Grassman, B. Galiana, A. M. Carlin, C. Ratcliff, D. J. Chmielewski, L. Yang, M. J. Mills, I. Al-Mansouri, S. P. Bremner, A. Ho-Baillie, X. Hao, H. Mehrvarz, G. Conibeer, M. A. Green, “Ideal GaP/Si Heterostructures Grown by MOCVD: III-V/Active-Si Subcells, Multijuntions, and MBE-to-MOCVD III-V/Si Interface Science,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 3383 (2013).
- A. Haas, P. Sharps, D. Aiken, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, S. A. Ringel, “Analysis of Short- and Long-Term Performance Goals for III/V on Active Si Concentrator Solar Cells,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 0867 (2013).
- I. A. Mansouri, S. Bremner, A. Ho-Baillie, H. Mehrvarz, X. Hao, G. Conibeer, M. A. Green, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin and S. A. Ringel, “Design of bottom silicon solar cell for multijunction devices,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 3310 (2013).
- T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, B. Galiana, L.-M. Yang, F. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Nucleation-related defect-free GaP/Si(100) heteroepitaxy via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition,” Applied Physics Letters 102(14), 142102 (2013).
- T. J. Grassman, C. Ratcliff, A. M. Carlin, J. A. Carlin, L.-M. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “III-V/GaP Epitaxy on Si for Advanced Photovoltaics and Green Light Emitters,” ECS Transactions 50(9), 321 (2013).
- A. M. Carlin, T. J. Grassman, M. R. Brenner, J. Grandal, C. Ratcliff, L.-M. Yang, M. J. Mills, P. Sharma, E. A. Fitzgerald, S. A. Ringel, “Lattice-matched GaP/SiGe virtual substrates for low-dislocation density GaInP/GaAsP/Si solar cells,” Proc. 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 000918 (2012).
- J. Grandal, T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, M. R. Brenner, B. Galiana, J. A. Carlin, L.-M. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Growth and characterization of InGaAs quantum dots on metamorphic GaAsP templates by molecular beam epitaxy,” Proc. 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 001783 (2012).
- T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, J. Grandal, C. Ratcliff, L.-M. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Spectrum-optimized Si-based III-V multijunction photovoltaics,” Proc. SPIE 8256: Physics, Simulation, and Photonic Engineering of Photovoltaic Devices, 82560R (2012).
- K. Swaminathan, T. J. Grassman, L.-M. Yang, D. Chmielewski, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Impact of threading dislocations on metamorphic InxGa1-xAs and InzGa1-zP p-i-n photodetectors on GaAs,” Proc. SPIE 8257: Optical Components and Materials IX, 82571A (2012).
- C. Ratcliff, T. J. Grassman, J. A. Carlin, S. A. Ringel, “High temperature step-flow growth of gallium phosphide by molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,” Applied Physics Letters 99, 141905 (2011).
- K. Swaminathan, T. J. Grassman, L.-M. Yang, Q. Gu, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Optically-aligned visible/near-infrared dual-band photodetector materials and devices on GaAs using metamorphic epitaxy,” Journal of Applied Physics 110(6), 063109 (2011).
- T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, K. Swaminathan, C. Ratcliff, J. Grandal, L.-M. Yang, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Expanding the palette: metamorphic strategies over multiple lattice constant ranges for extending the spectrum of accessible photovoltaic materials,” Proc. 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 003375 (2011).
- L-M. Yang, K. Swaminathan, T. Grassman, S. Ringel and M. Mills, “Threading Dislocations in Metamorphic In0.20Ga0.80As Grown on GaAs Substrates,” Microscopy and Microanalysis 17(S2), 1652-1653 (2011).
- K. Swaminathan, L.-M. Yang, T. J. Grassman, G. Tabares, A. Guzman, A. Hierro, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Metamorphic In0.20Ga0.80As p-i-n photodetectors grown on GaAs substrates for near infrared applications,” Optics Express 19(8), 7280 (2011).
- T. J. Grassman, M. R. Brenner, M. Gonzalez, A. M. Carlin, R. R. Unocic, R. R. Dehoff, M. J. Mills, S. A. Ringel, “Characterization of metamorphic GaAsP/Si materials and devices for photovoltaic applications,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 57(12), 3361 (2010).
- J. S. Lee, S. R. Bishop, T. J. Grassman, A. C. Kummel, “Plasma nitridation of Ge(100) surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy,” Surface Science 604, 1239 (2010).
- T. J. Grassman, A. M. Carlin, S. A. Ringel, “Metamorphic GaAsP and InGaP photovoltaic materials on Si for high-efficiency III-V/Si multijunction solar cells,” Proc. 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 002029 (2010).
- T. J. Grassman, M. R. Brenner, A. M. Carlin, S. Rajagopalan, R. R. Unocic, R. R. Dehoff, M. J. Mills, H. L. Fraser, S. A. Ringel, “Toward metamorphic multijunction GaAsP/Si photovoltaics grown on optimized GaP/Si virtual substrates using anion-graded GaAsyP1-y buffers,” Proc. 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 002016 (2009).
- T. J. Grassman, M. R. Brenner, S. Rajagopalan, R. R. Unocic, R. R. Dehoff, M. J. Mills, H. L. Fraser, S. A. Ringel, “Control and elimination of nucleation-related defects in GaP/Si(001) heteroepitaxy,” Applied Physics Letters 94, 232106 (2009).
- T. J. Grassman, S. R. Bishop, A. C. Kummel, “Density functional theory study of first-layer adsorption of ZrO2 and HfO2 on Ge(100),” Microelectronic Engineering 86, 249 (2009).
- D. L. Feldwinn, J. B. Clemens, J. Shen, S. R. Bishop, T. J. Grassman, A. C. Kummel, R. Droopad, M. Passlack, “Anomalous hybridization in the In-rich InAs(001) reconstruction,” Surface Science 603, 3321 (2009).
- N. L. Tran, S. R. Bishop, T. J. Grassman, G. C. Poon, F. I. Bohrer, W. C. Trogler, A. C. Kummel, “NO chemisorptions dynamics on thick FePc and ttbu-FePc films,” Journal of Chemical Physics 130, 174305 (2009).
- T. J. Grassman, S. R. Bishop, A. C. Kummel, “An atomic view of Fermi level pinning of Ge(100) by O2,” Surface Science 602, 2373 (2008).
- D. L. Winn, T. J. Grassman, A. C. Kummel, “Electronic properties of adsorbates on In0.37Ga0.63As(001)-(2×4),” ECS Transactions 11, 441 (2007).
- D. L. Winn, M. J. Hale, T. J. Grassman, J. Z. Sexton, A. C. Kummel, R. Droopad, and M. Passlack, “Electronic properties of adsorbates on GaAs(001)-c(2×8)/(2×4)” Journal of Chemical Physics 127, 134705 (2007).
- D. L. Winn, M. J. Hale, T. J. Grassman, A. C. Kummel, R. Droopad, M. Passlack, “Direct and indirect causes of Fermi level pinning at the SiO/GaAs interface,” Journal of Chemical Physics 126, 84703 (2007).
- D. L. Winn, T. J. Grassman and A. C. Kummel, “Electronic Properties of Adsorbates on In0.37Ga0.63As(001)-(2×4),” ECS Transactions 11(4), 441 (2007).
- M. J. Hale, D. L. Winn, T. J. Grassman, A. C. Kummel, “Chemically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of Al on p-type Al0.1Ga0.9As(001)-c(2×8)/(2×4),” Journal of Chemical Physics 122, 124702 (2005).
- T. J. Grassman, G. C. Poon, A. C. Kummel, “Low coverage spontaneous etching and hyperthermal desorption of aluminum chlorides from Cl2 on Al(111),” Journal of Chemical Physics 121, 9018 (2004).
- G. C. Poon, T. J. Grassman, J. C. Gumy, A. C. Kummel, “Direct and precursor-mediated hyperthermal abstractive chemisorption of Cl2/Al(111),” Journal of Chemical Physics 119, 18 (2003).
- M. K. Knowles, T. J. Grassman, A. H. Marcus, “Measurement of the dynamic structure function of fluorescently labeled complex fluids by Fourier imaging correlation spectroscopy,” Physical Review Letters 85, 2837 (2000).
- T. J. Grassman, M. K. Knowles, A. H. Marcus, “Structure and dynamics of fluorescently labeled complex fluids by Fourier imaging correlation spectroscopy,” Physical Review E 62, 8245 (2000).