1) Ms Yazzie’s Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 makes her more prone to developing:
- Marfan syndrome – Marfan syndrome is a congenital disease affecting connective tissue associated with mitral valve prolapse
- Hyperthyroidism – Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disorder that develops as a result of primary dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland, or, secondarily, as a result of alterations in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.
- Infections – Hyperglycemia stimulates the growth of microorganisms (including fungi); impaired blood supply hinders healing
- Clubbing of the fingers – finger clubbing is associated with diseases that interfere with oxygenation (i.e. bronchiectasis, CF, lung abscess, congenital heart disease)
2) True or False: In order for a patient to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes three of the following five criteria need to be present: increased waist circumference ( >40 inches for men and >35 inches for women), plasma triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, low plasma HDL cholesterol ( <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women), blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, and fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL.
False: Three of the five criteria listed above must be present for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, not type 2 diabetes. Some patients may have both metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes concurrently. Patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome do have a greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes and their blood glucose and HbA1c levels must be closely monitored routinely.
3) All of these are treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:
- Limb Amputation – not a treatment of the disease but of a complication; infection or non-healing wounds.
- Metformin – a Biguanide that works by decreasing hepatic glucose production, increasing insulin sensitivity, and peripheral glucose uptake
- Medical Nutrition Therapy – Dietary lifestyle modification that focuses on achieving glucose, lipid, and blood pressure goals.
- Physical Activity – reduces postprandial blood glucose levels, diminishes insulin requirements, lowers triglyceride and cholesterol levels, increase the level of HDL cholesterol, aids in weight reduction.
4) True or False: Every person who leads a lifestyle absent of a nutritious diet and exercise has the potential of developing type 2 diabetes.
False: Although many risk factors exist that contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, only those who are genetically predisposed to a beta cell dysfunction will actually go on to develop this chronic disease.
5) Frequent symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT:
- Blurry vision – True
- Excessive thirst – True
- Wounds that won’t heal – True
- Warm hands and feet – False. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus often develop peripheral neuropathy which causes narrowing of blood vessels and obstructs blood flow to the hands and feet making them cold (not warm) and often without feeling as well.
- extreme fatigue- True