Ryan Coogler’s Black Panther made it obvious that their goal was to take on the general race issues in films. When Black Panther came out, it became the highest-grossing movie with a mostly black cast (Forbes), and it was the first Marvel movie to feature a black superhero in the titular role. Most movies will have the main character as a white man and if they have black characters, they are used for comic relief or simply a sidekick. This movie took that general troupe and flipped it around with the black man as the main character surrounding by mostly black characters. The only white characters were used as comic relief or small assistance to the black character. Examples are Agent Ross helping with the planes and Klaw helping Kilmonger rise. Those were the only two and they were minor to the story.

In addition to the cast, Black Panther made sure that the makeup, costume design, and set design was honest to African culture. In many movies, black characters are portrayed to follow the stereotypes people have about where they would live or what they would wear. Black Panther avoided these stereotypes.

The film, Black Panther, accomplished a lot when it comes to race, gender, sexuality, and social justice issues in films, but it was truly successful due to its cultural impact. If Black Panther was to come out and not be the critical and box office success it was, it would not have been able to be as effective in sharing its message. The film became the top-grossing movie domestically in 2018, including being the fourth highest domestically and 11th highest worldwide (Black Panther Box Office Mojo). It even became the first superhero movie to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. It was also nominated for six other Oscars, winning three. The success of Black Panther proved that creating a film that has a mainly black cast, is led by black actors, portrays women as strong and intelligent, and tackles important social justice issues, is not a risk, but a way to make a great and profitable movie.

Works Cited:

“Black Panther (2018).” Box Office Mojo, https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=marvel2017b.htm.

Gabbard, Krin. Black Magic: White Hollywood and African American Culture. Rutgers University Press, 2004.

Grossing Film With A Black Cast.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 21 Feb. 2018,  https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2018/02/20/a-426-6-million-opening-makes- black-panther-the-top-grossing-film-with-a-black-cast/#5e0970c112a6

Weaver, Andrew J. “Role of Actors’ Race in White Audiences’ Selective Exposure to Movies.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Apr. 2011, academic.oup.com/joc/article/61/2/369/4098571?login=true.

Marvel Studio’s “Black Panther” addresses the topic of race “head-on with the issues affecting modern-day black life” (Smith). Marvel has taken issues from African society and America and made a movie addressing the issue. The issue is “about what it means to be black in both America and Africa” (Smith). In America, African Americans have had a long and rough history. It all started after being kidnapped from Africa and brought to America as slaves. As time went on, society in the northern states was against slavery, which brought on the civil war. After being freed from slavery, many African Americans were still forced to work for former slave owners because of the discrimination they faced from other white Americans. Fast forward to today, we have just experienced the Black Lives Matter movement protesting over one of the biggest issues that African Americans face today which is police brutality. “Structural racism has been and continues to be the primary impediment to upward mobility for African Americans throughout the country. This form of racism explains how race and racism permeate both public and private institutions to create unequal outcomes in all facets of life” (Ajilore 2019). African Americans have faced and continue to face issues based on their race. Another struggle that African Americans face is living in poverty. “The movie opens with a bunch of kids playing basketball in a poor neighborhood, and their basketball net has been replaced by an everyday basket, further emphasizing the poverty in which they live” (Trieu 2018). The movie shows bits and pieces of the struggles of being black in America. “Black Panther” also address the issues that African’s face in their society. One big issue that is focused on is their want to aid and support other black people who are facing struggles based on their race. “the biggest take-home message that “Black Panther” brings is political: it promotes global cooperation” (Trieu 2018). Although, “Africa is typically thought to contain only third-world countries,” in the movie Wakanda is wealthy and questions its involvement in non-African societies (Trieu 2018). Many countries in Africa face this issue, they feel that it is their duty to provide their support to other black people who are facing injustices in their own country. Just because “Black Panther” is a fictional movie does not mean that it does not serve a purpose. The movie is made to show “What it means to be black in both America and Africa” by showing the struggles of black people around the world (Smith).

Works Cited:

Ajilore, Olugbenga. “3 Ways to Improve the Outcomes for African Americans in the Rural South.” Center for American Progress, 6 Aug. 2019, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2019/08/06/470913/3-ways-improve-outcomes-african-americans-rural-south/.

Smith, Jamil. The Revolutionary Power Of Black Panther: Marvel’s New Movie Marks a Major Milestone. time.com/black-panther/.

Trieu, Cat. ‘Black Panther’ Shows Social Issues through Science Fiction. 9 Aug. 2018, www.utdailybeacon.com/arts_and_culture/entertainment/black-panther-shows-social-issues-through-science-fiction/article_1af7d136-14f6-11e8-821c-5b6604767e71.html.

When individuals from Western nations, like America, are asked to recall their knowledge about the African continent, many tend to describe the nation as impoverished, disadvantaged, and in need of assistance from wealthier, entitled countries. This narrative isn’t new, as many mainstream media outlets still tend to focus on the corruption, famine, armed conflict, and diseases that exist in Africa and intentionally exclude the actions of Western colonizers in Africa that have contributed to these circumstances (Schreiber, 2019). The historical component to this story is critical. The “Scramble for Africa” began between the years 1884 and 1885 and continued until 1914 (St. John’s College, n.d.). This conquest entailed the colonization of Africa by the United States and thirteen European nations with the ultimate goal of acquiring Africa’s raw materials to help exploit the industrial revolution back home (St. John’s College, n.d.). Colonial control facilitated the construction of railways, induced large inflows of European investment, and forced profound changes in the operation of labor and land markets (Frankema, 2015). Eventually, the African continent was stripped of its dignity as European and American colonizers invaded the country with no regards to the already established African tribes, villages, and culture (St. John’s College). 

Through this week’s content, we learn that the disruption of African customs and dehumanization of African citizens can be compared to the story told in Black Panther about their precious country of Wakanda. To the Western world, the African nation of Wakanda is useless. Western nations view it as impoverished and in need of assistance, as they believe it possesses no form of wealth or value. However, this image is false, and Wakanda is extremely wealthy, advanced, and is home to the world’s strongest metal, vibranium. The ignorance that many Westerners possess is evident in Black Panther when CIA Agent Ross struggles to believe Klaw’s argument that Wakanda has an extensive amount of vibranium. Why would the Wakandans work to create such a distasteful and inaccurate image of their country? Because they fear that the same thing that happened to other African nations (i.e. what happened to African countries in the real world) will happen to them. They have recognized that if they reveal the true value of their country and its precious vibranium metal, then Western colonizers might try to exploit the country for the rare and powerful resource whilst disregarding the natives of the country (Lu, 2018). The Wakandans feel more comfortable being isolated and free of interference than having their country stripped of its precious culture, customs, and overall way of living by Western colonizers, even if it means that they look unprofitable to outsiders. 

While Wakanda is a fictional country, as critical learners, we must recognize that it is a symbol for the colonization that occurred in Africa in real life and the circumstances that occurred as a result. As we analyze the economic state of certain African countries today, we must not ignore the factors that contributed to the current state. Our film for this week helps shed light on this topic and tells the story from the point of view of those who fear being colonized, not the colonizers. Through this lens, we gain insight on the true implications of European and American colonization and what colonial control entails for those living in African nations. Ultimately, Black Panther and the story of Wakanda represent the ignorance and greed of colonizers while also demonstrating the unfortunate reality of those nations who diligently work to protect themselves from the possibility of being colonized.  

Works Cited:

American nationalism becomes conspicuous and Muslims experienced hostile treatment in the aftermath of 9/11. American society begins to consider the group of Islam as terror and regard the Muslims as terrorists trying to marginalize and isolate the culture and people who belongs to this identity. In Mohsin Hamid’s novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist, the protagonist Changez struggles to find his belonging when He discovers that he was treated “the other” and “the outsider” in the United States due to the tragic attack which serves as a turning point of American people’s attitude toward Muslims. The negative American mainstream media attributes the events to stereotyping and biased, which leads to some hate crime, violence discrimination aiming at Muslims.

For Changez, his relationship with Erica reflects his identity relating to American society. Erica attracts Changez at the first sight, like his first impression of America, as he defined her as”regal”. Even though Erica was indulged with her dead boyfriend and ideal romantic relationship in the past, Changez told her to pretend him as her dead boyfriend, which could be a metaphor of the symbol of his American dream. Finally, Erica refused his love and left him, like how Amercian society isolated him. Changez’s life in Underwood Samson can likewise achieve a life-changing effect for him when he came to find he perhaps bring benefits to the United States but is not in part of them. The misrepresentation and misunderstanding of Muslims affects the immigrants like Changez who wants to pursue American dream initially. They strives to take education, establish relationship and work hard for successful life, but be harrassed and isolated by native people because of their patriotism. Hoping for chasing dreams in a nationality having so-called multi-culturalism and regarded as melting pot, Changez feels disappointed and disillusioned and finally returned back to his homeland.

Citation:

Shihada, Isam M, The Backlash of 9/11 on Muslims in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (September 5, 2015). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND CULTURAL STUDIES, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2656566

Shirazi, Q. (2020). Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Redefining fundamentalism In Mohsin Hamid’s the Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007). Journal of Literature, Language & Culture (COES&RJ-JLLC), 1(3), 44. doi:10.25255/2378.3591.2020.1.3.44.55

On September 11, 2001 militaristic individuals who were associated with the Islamic extremist group al Queda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and a third airplane was flown into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. There was a fourth place also heading toward Washington D.C but brave civilians on the plane helped take over and crashed it into a field in Pennsylvania. Three thousand people were killed during the September 11th terrorist attack on the United States which caused the U.S to launch major action to combat terrorism. The United States also changed the way they looked at Muslim culture forever. 

The Reluctant Fundamentalist written by Mohsin Hamid tells a story of a young man from Pakistan, Changez, as he becomes a successful businessman in New York City. Just from the first page Hamid shows how subjective a person can be based on their skin color, facial features, and clothing. The forms of racism that Changez experiences shape his impressions of the United States. Changez’s friends treat him with respect but they are aware that he was thought of as an “outsider” of the United States. Racism is the ultimate theme throughout this story and it is very interesting. The narrator (Changez) is a Muslim man who is going to be “naturally” seen as a fundamentalist (a person who strictly believes in religion) but he is not especially religious. Changez is not a practicing Muslim but eveyone sees him as a Muslim because of his ethnicity and place of birth. He feels as though, through his Princeton education, there is a hidden patriotic duty in the United States that everyone must abide by. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, Changez experienced an outpouring of loyalty to the United States. Before the attacks he thought of himself as just a New Yorker, he thought that was just a culture in itself. But after the attack he views the city joining with the rest of America in forming a single culture that makes its distinct characteristic aggression and hatred towards non-Americans. During this time Changez is “forced” into changing his perspective of America as he starts to experience racism and discrimination, he feels shattered in his once- embracing country. Changez experiences an identity crisis following the events of 9/11. He is He is divided as a man, trying to choose between his Pakistani roots or his American lifestyle. For a brief moment he chooses the American lifestyle he had been accustomed to but soon realizes it comes with the hardship of being seen as a terrorist and a threat to American society.  Changez is able to tell a story about what many Muslims were feeling at the time, and still is today. Muslims, Arabs, South Asians or anyone with Brown skin/ Muslim Faith did not really know who they were after 9/11. The culture was erased, they were expected to give up ties to their heritage and instead of being embraced they were thought of as a foreigner who could not be trusted. Muslisms lost their cultural tie to America and instead of feeling free to experience the differences, they were forced to assimilate with other Americans. “September eleventh was not the beginning of islamophobia and racism, but the event intensified hate towards our various communities. Muslim girls had to remove their hijabs, Sikh men had to cut their hair, mother-tongues were forgotten, customs were not practiced, and the desire to become blonde-haired, blue-eyed, or all-American became an actual aspiration.” (Talwar, 9/11 Identity Crisis). 

Muslims have and probably always will feel as though they are targeted and resented because of their culture. Society has taught people to fear Muslims, the media has shown that you are supposed to freeze in their presence, especially in an airport, a crowded public setting or when they are wearing a hijab. Ever since the actions of individuals on September 11th, 2001, the whole religion has been feared by most and has had their identity stripped from them.  Toward the end of the novel there is a quote from Changez that I feel really sticks out, “It seems an obvious thing to say, but you should not imagine that we Pakistanis are all potential terrorists, just as we should not imagine that you Americans are all undercover assassins” (page 183). 

Works Cited

Gabrielle Bellot, “Why Every American Should Read The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Radical Difference in the Age of Trump.” October 5, 2016.

Rebecca A. Clay. “Muslims in America, Post 9/11.” September 2011.

“9/11 Identity Crisis.” September 12, 2015. 

From the tale of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, we learn of a man by the name of Changez. This fellow has approached a stranger on the street who appears to be asking for assistance. Subsequently, the two men become more acquainted with each other at a local café. From this destination, we hear more about Changez’s story for how he graduated from Princeton University and works for a lucrative valuing firm. More into the story, we discover how his identity was forever changed after the tragic event of 9/11. Because Changez is Pakistan, this leads to conflict amongst his peers and the general environment from the systemic racial discrimination and the spread of misinformation during this hostile time. Many like Changez experience these two challenges still today. Therefore, I would like to invite you to learn more about the aftermath of how many Muslims then were treated differently after the horrific events of 9/11.

Identity politics and misinformation have played a significant role in how we go about interacting with different people. This was especially seen after the effects of 9/11 on the Muslim community. Many Muslims during this time lived in apprehension concerned about being targeted by individuals who resented their religion and nationality after the wide-spread distortion of their people. This chain of racism went up as far as the government forming travel discrimination against immigrants. “The National Security Entry-Exit Registration System clearly conflated immigration with questions of national security and criminalized immigrants in a way never seen before” (Kampf). This not only affected Muslims but other immigrants traveling from all different parts of the world such as Arabs and South Asians into America. Moreover, both identity politics and misinformation had become so severe, that children were being discriminated against. For example, a Pakistan ten-year-old girl was asked to share her story on whether she had been discriminated against in her life. She replied: “Yes, I was walking, and a lady called me a terrorist and made killing signs” (Kampf). Sadly enough, she explained further that altogether she was frightened to tell anyone about the threat made towards her.

From a religious standpoint, many Muslims had their practices of faith at stake because of fear of being targeted. “Immediately post-9/11 many American Muslim women who had been veiling decided no longer to do so in order to look “less Muslim” (Islam in America Post 9/11). If any are unaware, wearing a veil is a sacred aspect of the Islamic religion. Putting that into perspective, it’s outlandish to think as much as Americans preach about religious freedom, many Muslim women had shied away from this prophesied notion due to bigotry from others.

In conclusion, back more than a decade ago, and now Muslims face the same injustices originating from racial discrimination and the spread of false information. The detailed stories above bring to light a small perspective of what many have had to journey through to preserve the truth of the Muslim faith.

                                                                                  Works Cited

Fellowship, Lena Kampf 2006 New York City, and Indra Sen 2006 New York City Fellowship. “History Does Not Repeat Itself, But Ignorance Does: Post-9/11 Treatment of Muslims and the Liberty-Security Dilemma.” Humanity in Action, www.humanityinaction.org/knowledge_detail/history-does-not-repeat-itself-but-ignorance-does-post-9-11-treatment-of-muslims-and-the-liberty-security-dilemma/.

“Islam in America Post 9/11.” The Pluralism Project, pluralism.org/islam-in-america-post-911.

On a calm September morning in 2001, the scene was set for one of the most horrific atrocities in American history. At Boston’s Logan International Airport, two Boeing 767s were fueled for transcontinental flights to California: American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175. Meanwhile, two Boeing 757s prepared for departure from Washington’s Dulles International Airport and Newark International Airport. These aircraft were American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 93. Beginning at 8:14 AM on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, these ill-fated flights were hijacked and deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington D.C., killing nearly 3000 people. Almost everybody knows this story. Many, however, do not know or do not recognize the aftermath.

In this week’s reading, we take a look at Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist. A key element of this book is Changez’s feelings of the 9/11 attacks and his general treatment in western society thereafter. Like Changez, there were Muslims who were not necessarily distraught and, in some cases, even pleased at the events of 9/11. After decades of suffering at the hands of American influence and their pursuit of commodities in their homelands, these people felt that America had finally gotten what it deserved. Many were led to this conclusion by their authoritative governmental regimes. Daniel Pipes notes that some Egyptians commented “‘Bulls-eye’ as they watched reruns of the World Trade Center collapse. “It’s payback time,” said a Cairene” (Pipes, 46). These people, however, did not carry out the atrocities.

There were many positive outcomes that rose from the rubble of Ground Zero including hope and national unity. Unfortunately, there were also many negative outcomes including the political usage of the event for various opportunistic engagements and the societal ways in which many Muslims were viewed and treated after 9/11. The attacks were organized and carried out by a group of militant Islamic extremists known as al-Qaeda and their notorious leader, Osama bin Laden. Despite the actions of a few fringe radicals, it became common in the United States and other western nations after 9/11 to generally resent all Muslims due to their misidentified similarities to the terrorist groups. These mistreatments and misunderstandings were fueled by media reports and a volatile hawkish White House Administration. To this day, almost 20 years after 9/11, many Muslims still face injustices and mistreatment in the western world as a result of large-scale misinformation after the attacks.

Works Cited:

The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States: Official Government Edition, U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

“Al-Qaeda’s Origins and Links.” BBC News, 20 July 2004, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm.

Pipes, Daniel. “A New Round of Anger and Humiliation: Islam After 9/11.” The Hoover Press at Stanford University, 11 June 2002.

In the story Interpreter of Maladies, we read about how throughout the trip Mr. Kapasi becomes attracted to Mrs. Das and daydreams about writing her letters and revealing his unhappy marriage. This is until he learns about how Mrs., Das had a sexual affair with another man and her son may not belong to her husband. It is as if Mr. Kapasi’s view of Mrs. Das completely changes after he learns about her affair. This could be because of a long-time law that India held making adultery a crime.  

Up until 2018, India had a law that made adultery a punishable offence and could end in a fine or up to five years in prison for the man that was involved in the act and the woman could be punished as well. A petition to abolish the law brought forth in 2017 that stated the law treated the husband as the master of his wife and treated them as an “object” (Biswas, 2018). The petition created a stir and initially was shot down because there was fear that it would disrupt the sanctity of marriage in India. However, when heard at the level of the supreme court, the law was ruled unconstitutional, and all the supreme court justices agreed that women should be treated as equal (Biswas, 2018).  Considering that the novel was written in 1999, it is understandable that Mr. Kapasi is offended by the idea of Mrs. Dases affair. 

In India currently, there are many people that think that it is possible to love two people at once and their rate of adultery among women is very high. In fact, a recent study concluded that 49% of married people in India have had an intimate relationship outside of their marriage and women are as much as 53%  (Jha,2020).  

Biswas, S. (2018, September 27). Adultery no longer a criminal offence in India. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45404927 

Jha, L. (2020, February 26). 55% married Indians have cheated on their SPOUSES, most are women: Survey. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/55-married-indians-have-cheated-on-their-spouses-most-are-women-survey-11582712240534.html 

The cultural clash between Indian and American ideals is a central theme throughout Lahri’s “Interpreter of the Maladies.” In this week’s reading, I wanted to explore the institution of marriage in both cultures to contextualize the relationship between the Mr. Kapasi’s and the Das’s. 

Arranged marriages have been a part of Indian tradition since Hinduism become prominent in India in 500 BC. Even today upwards of  “90 percent of all Indian marriages are arranged” (Dhoklia 1). Matches are made by the nayan, a family friend or relative of the bride and groom based on religion, caste, age, profession, and physical appearances. Although marriage has been modernized in India, 74% of young people still prefer arranged marriages (Dhokila 1). This is for good reason too, 1/100 couples will get divorced from an arranged marriage, one of the lowest divorce rates in the world. The constructs of marriage in India promote traditional gender roles, which we have studied extensively in the class as they relate to one’s identity.

In direct contrast, American marriages often lack tradition and idealize the concept of love. Within the union the partners are often not as bound to gender roles because American society is centered around freedom of the individual. Mr. Kapasi is mystified by the Das’s kids calling their parents by their first name, which is a prime example of informality in American culture. Even though the notion of marrying for love is romanticized, the American Psychological Association says that 50% of marriages end in divorce. This statistics pulls into question whether marrying for love guarantees happiness.

In the “Interpreter of the Maladies” the Kapasi’s had an arranged marriage while the Das’s married for love. However, both of these couples face adversity in their marriage. Although Mr. Kapasi and Ms. Das are divided in many ways, they seek eachother out as outlets for internal pain. Ultimately, It is up to the reader to determine how culture affects marriage.

Works Cited

Ahluwalia, Rishika, et al. “Rishika Ahluwalia.” Postcolonial Studies, 13 Sept. 2020, scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/20/arranged-marriages-matchmakers-and-dowries-in-india/. 

Dholakia, Utpal M. “Why Are So Many Indian Arranged Marriages Successful?” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 24 Nov. 2015, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-science-behind-behavior/201511/why-are-so-many-indian-arranged-marriages-successful?page=1. 

“Marriage and Divorce.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, www.apa.org/topics/divorce-child-custody. 

This week we are diving into the novel, Interpreter of Maladies, a collection of nine short stories by an American author of Indian decent. The stories encompass and explain the lives of Indians and Indian Americans who become caught between their roots and the new explored world. India is one of the worlds largest Democracies, it consist of 1.3 billion people, and officially recognizes 16 languages. India was first colonized by England in the 1600’s but historically split and gained independence from them in 1947. Beginning in the 1960’s many Indians emigrated west to other parts of the world. This gives way to many Indians becoming exposed to other nations cultures, ideas, and people. This further allows a mix of identities to start to take root. This is when the authors idea of fighting between a persons true Indian roots and their new found countries ideals really starts to take effect. In India we do see english become the acquired language for most colonial occupants of India. In the specific story, Interpreter of Maladies, out of nine we are introduced to Mr. ad Mrs. Das. The Das’s are Indian Americans visiting the country of their heritage. During their tour they are greeted with a tour guide, Mr. Kapasi.

This novels main focus comes from the internal struggles of Indian Americans trying to find their identity in a new and ever changing world. As we look closer into the actual title more information can be found to learn and explain the themes behind many of the stories. Author, Jhumpa Lahiri uses the expression Interpreter of Maladies to “suggest clarifying or explaining aliments of the body, mind, or moral. (Sarkar, 2018)” This sparks the idea that the main purpose of these short stories is clear the conscious of struggling conflicts and or ideas that may not align with an individuals moral. This again can be seen in the story as we see many Indian Americans struggling with the idea of who they really are, their roots, and who they truly are supposed to become.

To further dive into the background of this novel we can take a look into the main themes author, Jhumpa Lahiri uses to further his ideas in the novel. The first main theme he uses is Marriage. We see the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Das in the story. We also see the theme of assimilation, using the theme of assimilation allows Lahiri to show how his characters face the challenges of adapting to an unfamiliar and unknown culture as they search for a sense of themselves. We finally can see the themes of social and emotional maladjustment. All the characters that Lahiri writes about need an understanding and compassion to come to them either by another character or cultural ideal.

Works Cited:

“Interpreter of Maladies Context.” Course Hero, www.coursehero.com/lit/Interpreter-of-Maladies/context/.

Retrieved From: https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Interpreter-of-Maladies/context/

“Interpreter of Maladies.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Feb. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies.

Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies

Sarkar, Somnath. “Significance of the Title of Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies.” All About English Literature, Blogger, 3 Jan. 2021, www.eng-literature.com/2018/12/significance-of-title-of-Jhumpa-Lahiri-short-story-interpreter-of-maladies.html.

Retrieved From: https://www.eng-literature.com/2018/12/significance-of-title-of-Jhumpa-Lahiri-short-story-interpreter-of-maladies.html