http://web.mit.edu/thistle/www/v9/9.11/1columbus.html
- “He promptly instituted policies of slavery (encomiendo) and systematic extermination against the native Taino population. Columbus’s programs reduced Taino numbers from as many as eight million at the outset of his regime to about three million in 1496. Perhaps 100,000 were left by the time of the governor’s departure.”
https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/69/1/2/1911565/Elite-Revisionists-and-Popular-BeliefsChristopher
- “When we turned from individual beliefs to what is transmitted at the cultural level, we found the content of history textbooks to show a clear trend in positive treatment of Indians and a more complex negative/positive trajectory for Columbus.”
- “At the same time, we also found little evidence among Americans, especially younger cohorts, of the heroic image of Columbus that may have been widespread at the 400th anniversary in 1892 and in the early twentieth century.”
- Abstract for both: Research done shows that historical textbooks show positive view of Indians, and the opinion of Christopher Columbus shifted between good/bad. There was little evidence that connected Columbus to a heroic image.
http://proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9205183670&site=ehost-live
- “ In a colony where the yield of other profitable products was disappointing, he traded slaves to allay the colony’s grievous problems of supply.”
- Columbus traded slaves.
- “The missionaries almost unanimously regarded him as an obstacle to their work,”
- Missionaries didn’t like him.
http://proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=2W62469317205&site=ehost-live
- “And when he got to the Americas he did everything he could to get those resources — that meant massacres and torture. That really resulted in about 80 percent annihilation of indigenous people and set the tone for the African slave trade.”
- This quote shows the extent that Columbus was willing to go to in order to get resources.
http://www.barrington220.org/cms/lib2/IL01001296/Centricity/ModuleInstance/10133/American%20Holocaust%20-%20Columbus.PDF
“The proclamation was merely a legalistic rationale for a fanatically religious and fanatically juridical and fanatically brutal people to justify holocaust”
Abstract: Columbus and the Spanish created the Requerimiento as a way to establish authority over the natives through made-up religious rituals.
http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/columbus-controversy
- “Within 60 years after Columbus landed, only a few hundred of what may have been 250,000 Taino were left on their island.”
- “On his first day in the New World, he ordered six of the natives to be seized, writing in his journal that he believed they would be good servants.”
Abstract: This article contains the information as to why Columbus’ journey to the New World is a controversy due to his violence, forced conversion to Christianity, and the introduction of new deadly diseases. He also enacted policies of forced labor in which natives were to work for the sake of profits, or else they were sent to Spain to be sold
https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00byne
- “He would also be entitled to a tenth of all revenues from the new lands among several other items that were unheard of to be bargained for at the time” (7).
Abstract: In this biography of Columbus, Byne explains the journey of Columbus’ entire life, including his trip to the New World. Byne takes notice of Columbus’ greediness and all the awards he would be promised had he succeeded in finding this new land. Upon finding the native people, Columbus decided he wanted to bring home some of the Indians as servants to the King, whether they wanted to or not, taking part in the “miserable business of kidnapping, buying, and selling human beings”
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/columbus1.asp
- “Weapons they have none, nor are they acquainted with them, which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance.”
Abstract: The author takes extracts from the journals of Christopher Columbus in order to publish his discovering and thoughts on his journey to the New World.
- Columbus built a military base called Fort Navidad in Hispanolia; men he had left behind in military base roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and laborà were later killed in a battle with the Indians
- May not have been Columbus’s individual action, but his direction and decision to lead men to these natives led to this atrocity
http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html
- “As soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I took some of the natives by force in order that they might learn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts.”
- “They ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.”
Abstract: This book provides a new look at the once before American hero who was idolized for his exploring and never recognized for his terrible act. His background history exploits Christopher Columbus for his true intentions along with detail and examples of his barbaric actions against the Indians.