1,3 Dichloropropene

1,3 dichloropropene is a organochlorine compound that is a colorless liquid and smells sweet. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used as a pesticide, typically as preplant fumigant and nematicide. Exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene,  may occure dermally or by inhalation, during its manufacture, formulation, or application as a soil fumigant. The public may be exposed by inhalation near an area using it as a fumigant or from consumption of contaminated water near hazardous waste sites.

The above diagram shows the absorption and mechanism of action in the body of 1,3 dichloropropene.

1,3 dichorpropene toxicokinetics in humans appears to be similar to those observed in rodents. Inhalation studies in humans and rodents have shown the vapors to be readily absorbed, conjugated with  glutathione (GSH) thru glutathione S-transferase (GST). 1,3 dichloropropene is rapidly excreted in the urine as N-acetyl-(S-3-chloroprop-2-enyl)cysteine (3CNAC), a mercapturic acid metabolite. 1,3 dichloropropene is unlikely to accumulate in the body.

The above diagram shows the bio transformation of 1,3 dichloropropene.

Carcinogenicity of 1,3 dichoropropene in humans is limited. There have been only two reported cases of histiocytic lymphomas and one case of leukemia have been reported in emergency response personnel. 1,3-dichloropropene is classified as a Group B2 probable human carcinogen. Forestomach and liver tumors were observed in rats via gavage and also occurred when exposed to 1,3 dichloropropene in the diet.

The target organs of 1,3 dichloropropene are eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, and kidneys.

Symptoms of toxicity are irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; eye, skin burns; lacrimation, headache, dizziness; in animals; liver, and kidney damage.

Biomarkers for damage and exposure to 1,3 dichlopropene are no different from renal or serum and there are no markers for long term exposure.

A study in male mice showed an increase incidence of bronchioalveolar adenomas through inhalation. This same thing does not occur in female mice or rats.

Treatment does not exist for acute or chronic exposure to 1,3 dichloropropene.

References:

1. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/1-3-dichloropropene.pdf
2. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/toxreviews/0224tr.pdf
3. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fehc%2Fehc%2Fehc146.htm&psig=AOvVaw3gXjBXqkPOtuc9O0jEYdkY&ust=1590627838116000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOC3sNLs0ukCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAo
4. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pesticideresearch.com%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FExposure_and_Interaction_2016_Web_0.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3gXjBXqkPOtuc9O0jEYdkY&ust=1590627838116000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOC3sNLs0ukCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAv
5. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0199.html