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Fuel economy in the 21st century.

In this post I will discuss why I am not in favor of the increased usage by manufactures of turbochargers.  Most manufactures have been installing these turbochargers due to not only increased government regulation but also consumer demand for a more efficient vehicle.   This will lead to over 40% of light vehicles furnishing a turbocharged engine in the United States from the 10% currently seen (Walsh pg.1) .  I think this is a bad idea as consumer will be unprepared for the changes in their cars and how they are supposed to treat them.

Government regulations is one of the leading drivers forcing manufactures to increase the number of turbocharged vehicles on the road.  This takes the shape of emission targets.  In similar fashion the second biggest driver for increased turbochargers is consumer demand for increased fuel efficiency.  Cars and trucks will need to meet a standard of 34.1 mpg by 2016 nearly a 25% increase from their current standard of 27.3 mpg (Walsh pg.1).  While it is necessary for car companies to reach this target forcing a consumer to use an inferior, more expensive product is not how I feel they should go about it.

The main reason that I feel this way is that while turbochargers will increase the fuel efficiency I do not believe in the accuracy of the manufactures fuel efficiency readings that is being released to the public.  For example in the Chevrolet Cruze, which comes with a 1.4 liter turbo four cylinder has the same fuel efficiency of 26mpg as the larger Cruze’s 1.8 liter four cylinder engine.  Or if you don’t believe that example perhaps as one off how about the Hyundai Sonata with its 2.4 liter four cylinder engine with a 27mpg in comparision to its 2.0 liter 4 cylinder engine with an estimated fuel efficiency of 25 mpg.  Even when the size of the engine is decreased but a turbocharger is installed to try and keep the power up there is still very little gain in fuel efficiency.  For instance in the BMW X3 which has a 3.0 liter with an efficiency of 22 mpg and its 2.0 liter turbocharged four cylinder receives only 23 mpg(Evans pg. 1).

Another problem that I see with installing turbochargers on consumer vehicles is the final cost of a turbocharger.  Not only will the consumer have to pay an additional $925 but they will also have to nearly double the amount of service done for changing oil as well as other repairs (Csere pg. 1).  For example on Hyundai’s Sonata and Santa Fe it suggest changing the oil every 7,500 miles or once a year.  While on a turbocharged engine, the engine oil needs changed every 5,000 miles or half a year (Schmitz pg. 1).  This additional service will raise the cost of the vehicle over the life of the vehicle.  While government estimates that vehicles will save an average of around $4,000 on fuel over it lifetime it is doubtful that they will ever reach these estimates as I have previously shown, turbochargers are nowhere near as efficient as they are promised.

Additional problems with turbocharged engines is their safety and reliability.  Due to the increased stress that a turbocharged engine they have been known to be quite temperamental.   The main reason for this is all the heat from the air that is normally expelled by the exhaust is sent back into the engine heating the air even further.  Temperatures then for diesel powered engines go up to 830 degrees Celsius while gasoline powered vehicles can operate up to 950 degrees Celsius (Kahl pg. 4).  Since not only do turbochargers have to deal with the increased exhaust heat but also all the other engine components, this then will drive the final price of a car up drastically.   Not only do the increased temperatures cause increased wear on the vehicle but it can also lead to vehicles catching fire.  While it is no longer as much of a problem as it was in the 1980’s it still is a problem to be worried about.  A final service problem with turbochargers that use a fluid bearing is that they must be kept running several minutes after you have reached your destination as well as letting them run several minutes before you start.  Although this is an annoyance, it is necessary as it allows the car to warm the oil before you start as well as allow the oil to continue to lubricate the turbine till it stops (Turbocharger Maintenance 101).

All this leads me to conclude that consumers will not appreciate the increased amounts of tasks that will need to be done just to keep a turbocharged car running.  Still manufactures seem insistent on selling consumers these cars; from Ford’s EcoBoost line of cars, Honda’s new smaller civic, this year’s F1 racing cars, the Dodge Dart, and Chevrolet Cruze are just a few of the many new cars that have, or will hit showroom floors in the coming years.  Most of these changes are due to not only consumer demand for more fuel efficient cars, but more stringent government regulation which forces car manufactures to meet.  If consumers were really interested in saving fuel I would suggest them to instead be more economical with their driving styles or much more simply just turn off their air conditioning and keep their windows shut when driving on the highway.  While this isn’t the nicest way to drive you’ll save at least 10% of your gas this way.  Another suggestion would be to keep asking legislative bodies to increase the number of hydrogen filling stations as I feel this is the only technology that could realistically replace gasoline cleanly and be used to recharge a car within a couple of minutes.

Works Cited

Csere, Csaba. “How Automakers Will Meet 2016 CAFE Standards.” Car and Driver. Car and Driver, May 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Evarts, Eric. “Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims.” Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims. Consumer Reports, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“History.” BorgWarner Turbo Systems. Borg Warner, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Kahl, Martin. “Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering, Honeywell Turbo” AutomotiveWorld.com, 03 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Nice, Karim.  “How Turbochargers Work”  04 December 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. 07 April 2014.

Schmitz, Matt. “Do Turbocharged Cars Require More Maintenance?” – KickingTires. Cars.com, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“Turbocharger Maintenance 101.” TurboRepair.com. Work Turbocharger, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Walsh, Dustin. “Lights, Cameras, Interaction.” Crain’s Detroit Business. N.p., 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Fuel economy in the 21st century.

For some people, the most they know about their car is that it has an engine.  For others what’s under the hood is the most important.  You could have a v6, a straight 6, turbocharged v6, twin turbocharged v6, supercharged v6 and that’s just some of the choices for a six cylinder engine.  It can become pretty complicated for a first time buyer to keep straight all of the differences.  In this post I would like to look at what a turbocharger is and how it does its’ job inside the engine.

(movement of a four cylinder engine. The cylinders are moving up and down compressing gas, while the cylinders are connected to the crankshaft which is being forced to turn by the movement of the cylinders.)

To gain a deeper understanding of what a turbocharger is, I imagine the best way to start is to look at the history of how and why people have developed the turbocharger.  In 1885, almost as soon as a working internal combustion engine was produced, Gottlieb Daimler was investigating how to improve the power while lowering fuel consumption on his cars by recompressing the air supply that floods the piston head.  Along with Rudolf Diesel in 1896 research was done on advancing this setup.  Finally in 1925, engineer Alfred Bücchi was successful in compressing exhaust gas back into the engine.  Following this, application of compressed exhaust gas (turbocharging) was limited to only very large marine engines.  It wasn’t till 1938 that the first turbocharged engines built were used by trucks, and in 1962/63 with the Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire that consumers were given their first look on a showroom floor.  However due to poor reliability, turbocharged engines were scrapped till 1973 during the first oil crisis due to their increased efficiency as well as their introduction into Formula 1.  For diesel cars the biggest breakthrough was in 1978 and Mercedes-Benz 300 SD which was followed in 1981 by the VW Golf Turbodiesel.  Following increasingly strict emissions targets in the late 80’s, many truck engines also became turbocharged (History).

For most people in the United States, the only time they have really heard of a turbocharger is when they discuss high performance racing. But a turbocharger is a much simpler topic then that.  A turbocharger quite simply takes the already compressed gas from the exhaust and re-vents it back to the engine.  This works perfectly then for any racing or performance vehicle whose goal would be to increase horsepower without any significant change in the weight.  A turbocharger may be able to accomplish this if it can sustain the increased temperatures from the process.

(Where the turbocharger is located.)

A turbocharger is a type of forced induction system which further compresses air flowing into the engine.  The reason this is important is that as the air is further compressed into a cylinder, increased amounts of fuel can be pumped into the cylinder head creates an even greater explosion and increases power the engine produces, and its force will be used to turn the crankshaft.  This in turn is connected to the camshaft as well as the drive pulley and the flywheel to help move the car (Nice pg 1).

While turbocharging is one way of increasing the power of a car there are many others ways that are possible to increase the cars power.  You could do this by increasing the number or size of the cylinders to increase the volume of air and fuel that are inside.  These options are not very practical as new parts would have to be purchased and installed in the car.  Instead many people may look to install a turbocharger as you would be able to keep many of the same parts (Nice pg 2).

Turbocharging allows engines to pack more air and fuel into their cylinders.  The typical pressure boost that a turbocharger provides is around 6-8 psi(pounds per square inch).  This is in comparison to what the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is, 14.7 psi.  This increases the pressure then by 50% and ideally an even greater power.  The actual power gained through this process is usually around 30%-40% instead (Nice pg 3).

(Turbocharging process.)

A turbocharger is connected to the exhaust manifold of the engine.  This exhaust air that has already been compressed and blown up, then flows through a shaft which spins a turbine.  As soon as a turbine reaches a necessary speed will begin forcing more air through the turbocharger and back into the engine.  The turbine must be able to handle speeds of up to 150,000 rpm(revolutions per minute), so the turbine will most likely use a fluid bearing.  This supports the turbine on a thin layer of oil which is continuously pumped around the center of the turbine.  This process not only allows the turbine to have an increased force from the loss of friction from a smoother surface, but also decreases the temperature of the air.  Once the air makes its way through the turbine it flows into a compressor which further compresses the air.  The compressor works like a centrifugal pump, which will draw air into its center and push it outwards as it spins (Nice pg 3).

(Movement of air within the turbine.)

Some other ways to increase the efficiency of the turbocharger is to use parts like a wastegate, decrease the size of the turbocharger, use advanced ball bearings, or have ceramic turbine blades.  When a smaller turbocharger is used the parts inside of it become smaller which reduces their inertia.  This will allow both the turbine and the compressor to have quicker process which will lead to an increased flow of air.  This comes at a downside as at higher speeds parts may be spinning to quickly and damage something, as well as at high speeds the turbocharger will be unable to provide much of a boost.  A wastegate is a valve which will allow the exhaust to bypass the turbine as it senses pressure increasing.  While normal ball bearings wouldn’t be able to handle the stress that 150,000rpm would involve, more precise bearings made out of advanced metals would be able to handle stress.  This would allow a decreased force of friction as well as a lighter smaller turbine to be used.  Ceramic turbine blades are lighter then steel blades so they would allow faster speeds (Nice pg. 4).

Of course with any choice there can be problems.  Some of the problems that are involved with the use of a turbocharger include; an increased temperature from using the blown up heated gas to pass back through the engine.  Also since the turbine isn’t always turning it leads to a turbo lag as the exhaust air takes time to force the turbine blades to spin.  Another problem that develops is that engines become quieter.  I will go into further detail about this in my next blog post as well as why I don’t think it’s a good idea for manufactures to install turbochargers into most of their cars.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVnlRKnMjhk

(This video describe overall how a turbocharger works.)

Works Cited

Csere, Csaba. “How Automakers Will Meet 2016 CAFE Standards.” Car and Driver. Car and Driver, May 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Evarts, Eric. “Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims.” Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims. Consumer Reports, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“History.” BorgWarner Turbo Systems. Borg Warner, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Kahl, Martin. “Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering, Honeywell Turbo” AutomotiveWorld.com, 03 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Nice, Karim.  “How Turbochargers Work”  04 December 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. 07 April 2014.

Schmitz, Matt. “Do Turbocharged Cars Require More Maintenance?” – KickingTires. Cars.com, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“Turbocharger Maintenance 101.” TurboRepair.com. Work Turbocharger, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Walsh, Dustin. “Lights, Cameras, Interaction.” Crain’s Detroit Business. N.p., 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Blogging about turbochargers part 2

In this post I will discuss why I am not in favor of the increased usage by manufactures of turbochargers.  Most manufactures have been installing these turbochargers due to not only increased government regulation but also consumer demand for a more efficient vehicle.   This will lead to over 40% of light vehicles furnishing a turbocharged engine in the United States from 10% today (Walsh pg.1) .  I think this is a bad idea as consumer will be unprepared for the changes in their cars and how they are supposed to treat them.

Government regulations is one of the leading drivers as to why manufactures have increased the number of turbocharged vehicles on the road.  This takes the shape of emission targets.  In similar fashion the second biggest driver for increased turbochargers is consumer demand for increased fuel efficiency.  Cars and trucks will need to meet a standard of 34.1 mpg by 2016 nearly a 25% increase from their current standard of 27.3 mpg (Walsh pg.1).  While it is necessary for car companies to reach this target forcing a consumer to use a worse, more expensive product is not how I feel they should go about it.

The main reason that I feel this way is that while turbochargers will increase the fuel efficiency I do not believe that the changes in fuel efficiency is what car manufactures are releasing to the public.  For example in the Chevrolet Cruze, which comes with a 1.4 liter turbo four cylinder has the same fuel efficiency of 26mpg as the larger Cruze’s 1.8 liter four cylinder engine.  Or if you don’t believe that example perhaps as one off how about the Hyundai Sonata with its 2.4 four cylinder engine with a 27mpg in comparision to its 2.0 4 cylinder engine with an estimated fuel efficiency of 25 mpg.  Even when the size of the engine is decreased but a turbocharger is installed to try and keep the power up there is still very little gain in fuel efficiency.  For instance in the BMW X3 which has a 3.0 liter with an efficiency of 22 mpg and its 2.0 liter turbocharged four cylinder receives only 23 mpg(Evans pg. 1).

Another problem that I see with installing turbochargers on consumer vehicles is the final cost of a turbocharger.  Not only will the consumer have to pay an additional $925 but they will also have to nearly double the amount of service done for changing oil as well as other repairs (Csere pg. 1).  For example on Hyundai’s Sonata and Santa Fe it suggest changing the oil every 7,500 miles or once a year.  While on a turbocharged engine, the engine oil needs changed every 5,000 miles or half a year (Schmitz pg. 1).  This additional service will raise the cost of the vehicle over the life of the vehicle.  While government estimates that vehicles will save an average of around $4,000 on fuel over it lifetime it is doubtful that they will ever reach these estimates as I have previously shown, turbochargers are nowhere near as efficient as they are promised.

Additional problems with turbocharged engines is their safety and reliability.  Due to the increased stress that a turbocharged engine they have been known to be quite temperamental.   The main reason for this is all the heat from the air that is normally expelled by the exhaust is sent back into the engine heating the air even further.  Temperatures then for diesel powered engines go up to 830 degrees Celsius while gasoline powered vehicles can operate up to 950 degrees Celsius (Kahl pg. 4).  Since not only do turbochargers have to deal with the increased exhaust heat but also all the other engine components, this then will drive the final price of a car up drastically.   Not only do the increased temperatures cause increased wear on the vehicle but it can also lead to vehicles catching fire.  While it is no longer as much of a problem as it was in the 1980’s it still is a problem to be worried about.  A final service problem with turbochargers that use a fluid bearing is that they must be kept running several minutes after you have reached your destination as well as letting them run several minutes before you start.  Although this is an annoyance, it is necessary as it allows the car to warm the oil before you start as well as allow the oil to continue to lubricate the turbine till it stops (Turbocharger Maintenance 101).

All this leads me to conclude that consumers will not appreciate the increased amounts of tasks that will need to be done just to keep a turbocharged car running.  Still manufactures seem insistent on selling consumers these cars; from Ford’s EcoBoost line of cars, Honda’s new smaller civic, this year’s F1 car, the Dodge Dart, and Chevrolet Cruze are just some of the many new cars that have hit, or will hit showroom floors in the coming years.  Most of these changes are due to not only consumer demand for more fuel efficient cars, but more stringent government regulation which car makers look at anyway to meet.  If consumers were really interested in saving fuel I would suggest them to be more economical with their driving styles or much simpler just turn off their air conditioning and keep their windows shut when driving on the highway.  While this isn’t the nicest way to drive you’ll save at least 10% of your gas this way.  Another suggestion would be to keep asking legislative bodies to increase the number of hydrogen filling stations as I feel this is the only technology that could replace gasoline cleanly and be used anywhere in the world.

 

Works Cited

Csere, Csaba. “How Automakers Will Meet 2016 CAFE Standards.” Car and Driver. Car and Driver, May 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Evarts, Eric. “Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims.” Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims. Consumer Reports, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“History.” BorgWarner Turbo Systems. Borg Warner, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Kahl, Martin. “Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering, Honeywell Turbo” AutomotiveWorld.com, 03 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Nice, Karim.  “How Turbochargers Work”  04 December 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. 07 April 2014.

Schmitz, Matt. “Do Turbocharged Cars Require More Maintenance?” – KickingTires. Cars.com, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“Turbocharger Maintenance 101.” TurboRepair.com. Work Turbocharger, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Walsh, Dustin. “Lights, Cameras, Interaction.” Crain’s Detroit Business. N.p., 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Blogging about turbochargers

For some people, the most they know about their car is that it has an engine.  For others it can be the be all end all.  You can have a v6, a straight 6, turbocharged v6, twin turbocharged v6, supercharged v6 and that’s just some of the choices for a six cylindered engine.  It can become pretty complicated to keep straight all of the differences.  In this post I would like to look at what a turbocharger is and how it does its’ job inside the engine.

To gain a further understanding of what a turbocharger is, I imagine the best way to start is to look at the history of how and why people have developed the turbocharger.  In 1885, almost as soon as a working internal combustion engine was produced, Gottlieb Daimler was investigating how to increase the power and lower fuel consumption on his cars by recompressing the air supply that floods the piston head.  Along with Rudolf Diesel in 1896 much study was done on advancing this setup.  Finally in 1925 engineer Alfred Bücchi was successful in compressing exhaust gas back into the engine.  Following this, application of compressed exhaust gas (turbocharging) was limited to only very large marine engines.  It wasn’t till 1938 that the first turbocharged engines built were used by trucks, and 1962/63 with the Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire that consumers were given their first look on a showroom floor.  However due to poor reliability, turbocharged engines were scrapped till 1973 during the first oil crisis due to their increased efficiency as well as their introduction into Formula 1.  For diesel cars the biggest breakthrough was in 1978 and Mercedes-Benz 300 SD which was followed in 1981 by the VW Golf Turbodiesel.  Following increasingly strict emissions targets in the late 80’s, many truck engines also became turbocharged (History).

For most people in the United States, the only time they have really heard of a turbocharger is when they would discuss high performance vehicles. But a turbocharger is a much simpler topic then that.  A turbocharger quite simply takes the already compressed gas from the exhaust and re-vents its back to the engine.  This works perfectly then with any racing or performance vehicle whose goal would be to increase horsepower without any significant change in the weight.  A turbocharger may be able to accomplish this if it can sustain the increased temperatures from the process.

A turbocharger is a type of forced induction system which further compresses air flowing into the engine.  The reason this is important is that as the air is further compressed into a cylinder, increased amounts of fuel can be pumped into the cylinder head which will create an even greater explosion and increase power, and its force will be used to turn the crankshaft.  This in turn is connected to the camshaft as well as the drive pulley and the flywheel to help move the car (Nice pg 1).

While turbocharging is one way of increasing the power of a car there are many others ways that are possible to increase the cars power.  You could do this by increasing the number or size of the cylinders to increase the volume of air and fuel that are inside.  These options are not very practical as new parts would have to be purchased and installed in the car.  Instead many people may look to install a turbocharger as you would be able to keep many of the same parts (Nice pg 2).

Turbocharging allows engines to pack more air and fuel into their cylinders.  The typical pressure boost that a turbocharger provides is around 6-8 psi(pounds per square inch).  This is in comparison to what the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is, 14.7 psi.  This increases the pressure then by 50% and ideally an even greater power.  The actual power gained through this process is usually around 30%-40% instead (Nice pg 3).

A turbocharger is connected to the exhaust manifold of the engine.  This exhaust that has already been compressed and exploded then flows through a shaft which spins a turbine.  This turbine once it has reached a necessary speed will force more air through the turbocharger and back into the engine.  The turbine must be able to handle speeds of up to 150,000 rpm(revolutions per minute), so the turbine will most likely use a fluid bearing.  This supports the turbine on a thin layer of oil which is continuously pumped around the center of the turbine.  This process not only allows the turbine to have an increased force from the loss of friction, but also decreases the temperature of the air.  Once the air makes its way through the turbine it flows into a compressor which further compresses the air.  The compressor works like a centrifugal pump, which will draw air into its center and push it outwards as it spins (Nice pg 3).

Some other ways to increase the efficiency of the turbocharger is to use parts like a wastegate, decrease the size of the turbocharger, use advanced ball bearings, or have ceramic turbine blades.  When a smaller turbocharger is used the parts inside of it become smaller which reduces their inertia.  This will allow both the turbine and the compressor to have quicker process which will lead to an increased flow of air.  This comes at a downside as at higher speeds parts may be spinning to quickly and damage something, as well as at high speeds the turbocharger will be unable to provide much of a boost.  A wastegate is a valve which will allow the exhaust to bypass the turbine as it senses pressure increasing.  While normal ball bearings wouldn’t be able to handle the stress that 150,000rpm would involve, more precise bearings made out of advanced metals would be able to handle stress.  This would allow a decreased force of friction as well as a lighter smaller turbine to be used.  Ceramic turbine blades are lighter then steel blades so they would allow faster speeds (Nice pg. 4).

Of course with any choice there can be problems.  Some of the problems that are involved with the use of a turbocharger include; an increased temperature from using the blown up heated gas to pass back through the engine.  Also since the turbine isn’t always turning it leads to a turbo lag as the exhaust air takes time to force the turbine blades to spin.  Another problem that develops is that engines become quieter.  I will go into further detail about this in my next blog post as well as why I don’t think it’s a good idea for manufactures to install turbochargers into most of their cars.

How a turbo works(Here is a video that describes in detail how a turbocharger works.)

Works Cited

Arturbocouk. “How a Turbo Works.” YouTube. YouTube, 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Csere, Csaba. “How Automakers Will Meet 2016 CAFE Standards.” Car and Driver. Car and Driver, May 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Evarts, Eric. “Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims.” Consumer Reports Finds Small Turbo Engines Don’t Deliver on Fuel Economy Claims. Consumer Reports, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“History.” BorgWarner Turbo Systems. Borg Warner, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Kahl, Martin. “Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering, Honeywell Turbo” AutomotiveWorld.com, 03 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Nice, Karim.  “How Turbochargers Work”  04 December 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. 07 April 2014.

Schmitz, Matt. “Do Turbocharged Cars Require More Maintenance?” – KickingTires. Cars.com, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

“Turbocharger Maintenance 101.” TurboRepair.com. Work Turbocharger, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Walsh, Dustin. “Lights, Cameras, Interaction.” Crain’s Detroit Business. N.p., 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.