Anti-Arab/Muslim American racism before and after 9/11/2001

 

Scholarly resources

• Abdul Khabeer, Su’ad. “Citizens and Suspects: Race, Gender, and the Making of American Muslim Citizenship.” Transforming Anthropology 25, no. 2 (2017): 103–19.
• Abdulhadi, Rabab, Evelyn Alsultany, and Nadine Christine Naber, eds. Arab and Arab American Feminisms Gender, Violence, and Belonging. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
• Abraham, Nabeel, Sally Howell, and Andrew Shryock, eds. Arab Detroit 9/11: Life in the Terror Decade. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.
• Abu El-Haj, Thea Renda. “Geographies of Citizenship: Muslim Youth in Post-9/11 United States.” In Conflict, Violence and Peace. Edited by Christopher Harker and Kathrin Hörschelmann, 51–70. Singapore: Springer, 2017.
• Afzal-Khan, Fawzia, ed. Shattering the Stereotypes: Muslim Women Speak Out. Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press, 2005.
• Alsultany, Evelyn. Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation after 9/11. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
• Alsultany, Evelyn, and Ella Shohat, eds. Between the Middle East and the Americas: The Cultural Politics of Diaspora. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.
• Aoude, Ibrahim G. “Arab Americans and Ethnic Studies.” Journal of Asian American Studies 9, no. 2 (2006): 141-55.
• Bakalian, Anny, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr. Backlash 9/11: Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans Respond. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
• Bayoumi, Moustafa. How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being Young and Arab in America. New York: Penguin Books, 2009.
• Cainkar, Louise. Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience after 9/11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2009.
• Cainkar, Louise. “Targeting Arab/Muslim/South Asian Americans: Criminalization and Cultural Citizenship.” Amerasia Journal 31, no. 3 (2005): 1–27.
• Curiel, Jonathan. Al’ America: Travels through America’s Arab and Islamic Roots. New York: New Press, 2008.
• Daulatzai, Sohail, and Junaid Rana, eds. With Stones in Our Hands Writings on Muslims, Racism, and Empire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018.
• De Genova, Nicholas. “Antiterrorism, Race, and the New Frontier: American Exceptionalism, Imperial Multiculturalism, and the Global Security State.” Identities 17, no. 6 (2010): 613–40.
• El-Aswad, el-Sayed. “Images of Muslims in Western Scholarship and Media after 9/11.” Digest of Middle East Studies 22, no. 1 (2013): 39–56.
• El Said, Maha. “The Face of the Enemy: Arab-American Writing Post-9/11.” Studies in the Humanities 30, no. 1–2 (2003): 200-16.
• Elia, Nada. “Islamophobia and the ‘Privileging’ of Arab American Women.” NWSA Journal 18, no. 3 (2006): 155-61.
• Ewing, Katherine Pratt, ed. Being and Belonging Muslims in the United States since 9/11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008.
• Fadda-Conrey, Carol. Contemporary Arab-American Literature: Transnational Reconfigurations of Citizenship and Belonging. New York: New York University Press, 2014.
• Fine, Jeffrey A., and Nadia N. Aziz. “Does the Political Environment Matter? Arab-American Representation and September 11th.” Social Science Quarterly 94, no. 2 (2013): 551–68.
• Gheorghiu, Oana-Celia. British and American Representations of 9/11: Literature, Politics and the Media. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
• Hagopian, Elaine Catherine. Civil Rights in Peril: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims. London: Pluto Press, 2004.
• Howell, Sally, and Andrew Shryock. “Cracking Down on Diaspora: Arab Detroit and America’s ‘War on Terror.’” Anthropological Quarterly 76, no. 3 (2003): 443-462.
• Iyer, Deepa. We Too Sing America: South Asian, Arab, Muslim, and Sikh Immigrants Shape Our Multiracial Future. New York: New Press, 2015.
• Jadallah, Dina, and Laura el-Khoury. “State Power and the Constitution of the Individual: Racial Profiling of Arab Americans.” Arab Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (2010): 218-37.
• Jamal, Amaney A., and Nadine Christine Naber. Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2008.
• Kaufman, Sarah Beth. “The Criminalization of Muslims in the United States, 2016.” Qualitative Sociology 42, no. 4 (2019): 521–42.
• Kaufman, Sarah Beth, and Hanna Niner. “Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis.” Critical Criminology 27, no. 3 (2019): 485–502.
• Khalili, Laleh. Time in the Shadows: Confinement in Counterinsurgencies. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
• Kumar, Deepa. “Terrorcraft: Empire and the Making of the Racialised Terrorist Threat.” Race & Class 62, no. 2 (2020): 34–60.
• Langlois, Janet L. “‘Celebrating Arabs’: Tracing Legend and Rumor Labyrinths in Post-9/11 Detroit.” Journal of American Folklore 118, no. 468 (2005): 219-36.
• Mac an Ghaill, Máirtín, and Chris Haywood, eds. Muslim Students, Education and Neoliberalism: Schooling a “Suspect Community.” London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
• Mahdi, Waleed F. Arab Americans in Film: From Hollywood and Egyptian Stereotypes to Self-Representation. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2020.
• Maira, Sunaina. The 9/11 Generation: Youth, Rights, and Solidarity in the War on Terror. New York: New York University Press, 2016.
• Maira, Sunaina. “Belly Dancing: Arab-Face, Orientalist Feminism, and U.S. Empire.” American Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2008): 317–45.
• Maira, Sunaina. “‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ Muslim Citizens: Feminists, Terrorists, and U.S. Orientalisms.” Feminist Studies 21, no. 3 (2009): 631-56.
• Maira, Sunaina, and Magid Shihade. “Meeting Asian/Arab American Studies: Thinking Race, Empire, and Zionism in the U.S.” Journal of Asian American Studies 9, no. 2 (2006): 117-40.
• Malek, Alia, ed. Patriot Acts: Narratives of Post-9/11 Injustice. Voice of Witness. San Francisco: McSweeneys Books, 2011.
• Mamdani, Mahmood. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror. New York: Pantheon Books, 2004.
• Meeropol, Rachel, ed. America’s Disappeared: Detainees, Secret Imprisonment, and the “War on Terror.” New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005.
• Naber, Nadine. Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics, and Activism. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
• Naber, Nadine. “‘Look, Mohammed the Terrorist Is Coming!’: Cultural Racism, Nation-Based Racism, and the Intersectionality of Oppressions after 9/11.” S&F Online 6, no. 3 (2008).
• Peek, Lori A. Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011.
• Perera, Suvendrini, and Sherene Razack, eds. At the Limits of Justice: Women of Colour on Terror. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.
• Rana, Junaid. “The Racial Infrastructure of the Terror-Industrial Complex.” Social Text 129 (2016): 111–38.
• Rana, Junaid. “The Story of Islamophobia.” Souls 9, no. 2 (2007): 148–61.
• Rana, Junaid, and Diane C. Fujino. “Taking Risks, or The Question of Palestine Solidarity and Asian American Studies.” American Quarterly 67, no. 4 (2015): 1027-1037.
• Rana, Junaid, and Gilberto Rosas. “Managing Crisis: Post-9/11 Policing and Empire.” Cultural Dynamics 18, no. 3 (2006): 219–34.
• Salaita, Steven. Anti-Arab Racism in the USA: Where It Comes from and What It Means for Politics Today. London: Pluto, 2006.
• Salaita, Steven. The Uncultured Wars: Arabs, Muslims, and the Poverty of Liberal Thought: New Essays. New York: Zed Books, 2008.
• Schmuck, Desirée, Jörg Matthes, and Frank Hendrik Paul. “Negative Stereotypical Portrayals of Muslims in Right-Wing Populist Campaigns: Perceived Discrimination, Social Identity Threats, and Hostility Among Young Muslim Adults.” Journal of Communication 67, no. 4 (2017): 610–34.
• Sekhon, Vijay. “The Civil Rights of ‘Others’: Antiterrorism, the Patriot Act, and Arab and South Asian American Rights in Post-9/11 American Society.” Texas Forum on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights 8, no. 1 (2003): 117–48.
• Semaan, Gaby. “Arab Americans: Stereotypes, Conflict, History, Cultural Identity and Post 9/11.” Intercultural Communication Studies 23, no. 2 (2014): 17–32.
• Shaheen, Jack G. Guilty: Hollywood’s Verdict on Arabs After 9/11. Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press, 2008.
• Shaheen, Jack G. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. New York: Olive Branch Press, 2001.
• Suleiman, Michael W., Suad Joseph, and Louise Cainkar, eds. Arab American Women: Representation and Refusal. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2021.
• Sun, Ivan Y., and Yuning Wu. “From Invisibility to Unwanted Spotlight: Arab Americans’ Perceptions of the Police.” In Race, Immigration, and Social Control: Immigrants’ Views on the Police, 107–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
• Tabbah, Rhonda. Arab American Youth: Discrimination, Development, and Educational Practice and Policy. Cham: Springer, 2021.
• Welch, Michael. Scapegoats of September 11th: Hate Crimes and State Crimes in the War on Terror. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2006.
• Zaal, Mayida. “Islamophobia in Classrooms, Media, and Politics.” Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 55, no. 6 (2012): 555–58.
• Zabel, Darcy. Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.
• Zarrugh, Amina. “Racialized Political Shock: Arab American Racial Formation and the Impact of Political Events.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39, no. 15 (2016): 2722–39.

Web resources

• 9066 to 9/11. Dir. Akira Boch. Japanese American National Museum, 2004.
• Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Dir. Andrew Killoy, Jeremy Earp, Mary Patierno, Sut Jhally. Featuring Jack Shaeen. 2006. [Links to Kanopy]