The study of heredity and genetics is an excellent opportunity to talk about how genes contribute to human diversity. Some aspects you might want to highlight in class include human variation in skin color, differences in how we taste the foods we eat (PTC), variations in traits like lactase persistence, and the non-binary nature of biological sex. Resources for these topics include the following:
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- Human Skin Color:
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- http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin-color
- For variations in human skin color we highly recommend the following resource from HHMI biointeractive. HHMI BioInteractive has an excellent, and comprehensive, module on the biology of skin color hosted by Penn State University anthropologist Nina Jablonski. This module includes tips for educators, interactive and non-interactive videos, an animation and activities. Many HHMI resources are also available in Spanish.
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- Lactase persistence:
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- http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-got-lactase-co-evolution-genes-and-culture
- For lactase persistence, HHMI BioInteractive has an excellent, and comprehensive, module on the biology and bioevolutionary significance of lactase persistence hosted by human geneticist Spencer Wells (the Director of the Genographic Project of the National Geographic Society). This module includes click and learn videos, activities, and a film guide. Many HHMI resources are also available in Spanish.
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- PTC and human taste:
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- https://www.genome.gov/pages/education/modules/ptctastetestactivity.pdf
- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/0404_01_nsn.html
- https://gsoutreach.gs.washington.edu/files/genetics_of_taste.pdf
- http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genetics-bitter-taste-perception
- For variations in human taste, you might want to test your class the ability to taste PTC. You can do this simply by purchasing PTC taste strips. PTC
- is an excellent example of a mendelian trait, and is also a good segway into populational genetics, Founder’s Effect, and admixture between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans. Several PTC tasting activities can be found below, along with an HHMI Biointeractive discussion of how humans perceive the taste of the chemical PTC with Dr. Michael Campbell.
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- Sex chromosomes:
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- https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/sex-linkage-non-nuclear-chromosomal-mutations/a/x-inactivation
- file:///Users/leigholdershaw/Downloads/xsandosinstructions.pdf
- For variations in sex chromosomes, check out this description of X-inactivation and X chromosome aneuploidies from Khan Academy, as well as this in class activity about sex determination from HHMI.
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RACE: The Power of an Illusion | For Teachers
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- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | For Teachers: Comparing mtDNA Sequences to Learn About Human Variation
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | Jamestown: Just an Environment or a Just Environment? Racial Segregation and its Impacts
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | For Teachers: The Empirical Challenges of Racial Segregation
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | For Teachers: The Genetics and Evolution of Skin Color
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | Jamestown: Planting the Seeds of Tobacco and the Ideology of Race
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | For Teachers: Comparing Chimp mtDNA to Learn About Races
- RACE: The Power of an Illusion | Is Race Real?
Conversations about evolution at the High School level are an excellent opportunity to explore the idea that humans evolved, just like other animals, and that humans are, in many ways, a product of their environment.
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- Bones and Stones – Origins of Modern Humans
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- http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/bones-stones-and-genes-origin-modern-humans
- HHMI BioInteractive has a comprehensive, module on human evolution featuring anthropologists Tim White (University of California, Berkeley), John Shea (Stony Brook University), and Sarah Tishkoff (University of Pennsylvania). This module includes tips for educators, interactive and non-interactive videos, an animation and activities. Many HHMI resources are also available in Spanish.
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Cladogram activities are a great way to introduce students to the idea that we are part of a larger web of life, all connected through evolution. These resources provide a useful baseline for understanding how scientists create phylogenies.
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- Larry Flammer Cladogram Activity
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- http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/primclas.html
- This activity from Larry Flammer at Indiana University helps students understand how cladograms are formed while teaching them about the world’s primates.
- Bozeman Science – Cladograms
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg
- In this video, online educator Paul Andersen shows students how to construct a cladogram from a group of organisms using shared characteristics. He also discusses the process of parsimony in cladogram construction. He then explains how modern cladograms are constructed and walks through a cladogram of primates.
- HHMI Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences
- http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/creating-phylogenetic-trees-dna-sequences
- This click and learn video guides students through the process of creating a phylogenetic tree from DNA sequences.
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Humans change their environments in many ways. These videos highlight the ways that different cultures interact with, and impact, the land around them.
- Fire Hunting in Australia
- This video introduces students to the practice of fire hunting, a traditional method of catching Goanna lizards.
- Slash and Burn: Why Amazonian Farmers Use Fire
- This video introduces students to the practice of slash and burn agriculture in the Amazon basin.
Due to the current impact humans are having on the global climate, there is a wealth of resources out there addressing the ways in which humans have impacted water quality, air quality, etc. Some of our favorites include the following:
- NASA Climate Web Resources
- Business Insider: How Rising Sea Levels Will Affect the US:
- This video provides a visualization of how sea level will change our US coastlines.
Humans can also change their more immediate environments. This links provide some interesting examples of the ways in which human actions impact the world around us:
- Evolution of the Peppered Moth
- This video explains how, during the Industrial Revolution, human-created pollution in the UK lead to genetic changes in Peppered Moth populations.
- Northern Elephant Seals: Increasing Population, Decreasing Biodiversity
- This article explains how hunting practices in California have lead to a genetic bottleneck in Northern Elephant Seals.
- Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn — HHMI BioInteractive Video
- This video explains how plant domestication practices have led to the creation of modern day corn. This is very, very different from its undomesticated ancestor!
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- This video discusses how poaching practices in Sub-Saharan Africa may to be leading to selection for tuskless elephants!
While not directly anthropological, many educational sources addressing topics related to human evolution also address stratigraphic principles, the process of fossilization, and how scientists excavate and clean fossil remains.