Bagworm Season Begins

By Joe Boggs OSU Extension
Overwintered common bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) eggs are hatching in southwest Ohio.  Look closely when inspecting plants.  The 1st instar caterpillars are very small with their bags measuring around 1/8″ in length.
Bagworm
The tiny 1st instar bags are constructed with pieces of tan to reddish-brown sawdust-like frass (excrement) stuck to the outside of silk and look like “dunce caps.”  As the caterpillars mature, they begin weaving host plant debris into the silk which provides structural stability and helps to camouflage the caterpillar bag-abodes.

Bagworm

The overwintered eggs hatch within the female bags from last season.  A percentage of the 1st instar caterpillars will crawl from the old bags and produce a strand of silk to catch the wind and “balloon” to new locations.  This behavior is one of the reasons bagworms often appear on hosts that were not infested last season.

Bagworm

I’ve often used the presence of silk strands hanging from the tips of overwintered bags or covering needles on heavily infested spruce trees as an indicator that eggs were hatching.  However, heavy rain and high winds quickly destroy the delicate silk strands.

Bagworm

Old bags can cling to twigs and branches for a number of seasons.  Look closely on plants that are festooned with bags from past seasons.  A single female can produce 500 – 1000 eggs meaning that populations can climb rapidly.  Just a few females from last season can spawn damaging numbers of caterpillars this season.

Bagworm

Bagworm

Pay close attention to deciduous trees and shrubs as well as evergreens.  It is a common misconception that bagworms only eat evergreens.  In fact, they are called “evergreen bagworms” in many southern states.

Bagworm

However, the caterpillars may be found feeding on over 130 different species of deciduous trees and shrubs. Overlooking deciduous trees and shrubs during bagworm inspections allow infested plants to become reservoirs for infestations to spread to neighboring host plants.

Bagworm

Bagworm

Bagworm eggs may hatch over an extended period of time and eggs on the south side of an infested plant usually hatch earlier than those that are shaded on the north side.  Consequently, it’s common for 1st, 2nd, and sometimes 3rd instars to be present at the same time; bagworm caterpillars develop through 7 instar stages.  This needs to be taken into account in planning management strategies.

Bagworm

For example, early instar bagworms are highly susceptible to the naturally occurring biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (e.g. Dipel, Thuricide, etc.).  Caterpillars are much less susceptible once bags surpass 2/3″ in length.  It’s appealing to use Btk products because they do not kill bio-allies such as predators and parasitoids that help provide natural control of bagworm populations.

However, Btk products have two limitations.  The active ingredient must be consumed to kill caterpillars and products have relatively short residual activity.  Thus, timing is critical; products should not be applied prior to egg hatch.  Even with proper timing, two applications may be required to cover the extended egg hatch.  Of course, once bags exceed 2/3″ in length, standard insecticides will need to be used to suppress heavy infestations.

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