We asked students about their attitudes toward learning in general. Students reported their perceived competence, expectancy for successful learning, intrinsic value (perceived enjoyment of engaging with learning), utility value (perceived usefulness of learning in his or her life), and attainment value (perceived importance of performing well in school for his or her identity).
 
When we examined differences based on students’ gender, female students reported higher levels of perceived competence in learning than male students. However, there were no gender differences in students’ expectancy, intrinsic value, utility value, and attainment value.